Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly Essay

Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly - Essay Example What made the British Empire great was the fact that it formed the backbone of industrialization in this world. They were the cornerstone of industrial towns, developed cities and advanced water transport (Black, 2001). Everything the empire’s regime did was stored secretly not wanting any other empire to steal their secrets, which they did extremely well. The Japan Empire The Empire of Japan also known as the Empire of the Rising Sun was both an empire and world power, which existed from the Meiji reinstatement on January 3rd, 1868, to the endorsement of the post-Second World War Charter of Japan on May 3rd, 1947. Colonial Japan's fast militarization and industrialization under the slogan Fukoku Kyohei led to its surfacing as a world power, ultimately culminating in its association in the Axis alliance, as well as the subjugation of a large fraction of the Asia-Pacific expanse. At the summit of its authority, in 1942, the Japanese Empire administered over a land spanning 2,85 7,000 sq mi (7,400,000 square kilometers), which made it one of the leading marine empires in history. The Japan Empire was known mostly for its telecommunication advancement (Black, 2001). The Empire of Japan had a remarkable tally of technological accomplishments, and a remarkably well-equipped military. The army was advanced, but extremely oriental and traditional beyond the rank of other top rated empires. Even though, instead of having bullets, ballistic shells, missiles, warheads and other more straight based weapons, they created hi-tech arms, which armed the Imperial Japanese Forces technical fighting skills needed to defeat any superpower... Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly Apple Inc., ever since it started its operation in the 70s, has had a magnificent timeline, which people could consider as a success to the company (Isaacson, 2011). In the 70s, the company produced numerous computing machines such as the Apple I, Apple II, Disk II, which was a driver, and Apple Writer computer software. In the 80s, the firm launched the Apple III computer. It also launched the IB modems, Monitor III, IIA printers, Apple Image writer, Macintosh (128K), AppleColor Composite Monitor and AppleShare Server 1.0. The firm also launched, in the 80s, Macintosh Portable, Apple FDHD SuperDrive and Apple Scanner. In the 90s, the firm launched Macintosh IIfx, Macintosh Classic II, the PowerBook series from 100 to G3, Apple Design Powered Speakers and the Workgroup Server series from 60 to 8550 (Isaacson, 2011). Also, they came up with the Apple Network Server 700/200, eMate 300, Power Macintosh G3 desktop, Power Macintosh G3 minitower, Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, iMac G3, i Book, iMac (slot loading), Cinema Display (22"), as well as the Power Macintosh G4 Graphite. All these were inventions that took place before the new millennium. They were considered as landmark inventions to such a small established company in the field of IT. However, the 2000s has seen the popularity of Apple Inc. rise to another level. The Big-Kids computing world managed to arbitrate between the numerous computational roles, which could not be reconciled in a more direct manner through making the Apple’s materials a must-have item.

Causes Of Corruption Essay Example for Free

Causes Of Corruption Essay The paper stresses the need to keep the issue of corruption squarely in view in the development agenda. It discusses the causes and consequences of corruption, especially in the context of a least developed country with considerable regulation and central direction. Lack of transparency, accountability and consistency, as well as institutional weaknesses such as in the legislative and judicial systems, provide fertile ground for growth of rent seeking activities in such a country. In addition to the rise of an underground economy and the high social costs associated with corruption, its adverse consequences on income distribution, consumption patterns, investment, the government budget and on economic reforms are highlighted in the paper. The paper also touches upon the supply side of bribery and its international dimensions and presents some thoughts on how to address the corruption issue and to try and bring it under control. There is a growing worldwide concern over corruption at the present time. Several factors are responsible for this. First, a consensus has now been reached that corruption is universal. It exists in all countries, both developed and developing, in the public and private sectors, as well as in non-profit and charitable organizations. Second, allegations and charges of corruption now play a more central role in politics than at any other time. Governments have fallen, careers of world renowned public figures ruined, and reputations of well-respected organizations and business firms badly tarnished on account of it. The international mass media feeds on it and scandals and improper conduct, especially of those in high places, are looked upon as extremely newsworthy, and to be investigated with zeal and vigour. The rising trend in the use of corruption as a tool to discredit political opponents, the media’s preoccupation with it as a highly marketable commodity, and the general pu blic’s fascination with seeing prominent personalities in embarrassing situations have brought scandalous and corrupt behaviour, a common human frailty, into the limelight of international attention. Third – and the main issue taken up in this paper – is that corruption can be a major obstacle in the process of economic development and in modernizing a country. Many now feel that it should receive priority attention in a country’s development agenda. This greater recognition that corruption can have a serious adverse impact on development has been a cause for concern among developing countries. In a recent survey of 150 high level officials from 60 third world countries, the respondents ranked public sector corruption as the most severe obstacle confronting their development process (Gray and Kaufmann 1998). Countries in the Asia and Pacific region are also very worried about this problem and they are in substantial agreement that corruption is a major constraint that is hindering their economic, political and social development, and hence view it as a problem requiring urgent attention at the highest level. Increasing public interest and concern over corruption have resulted in a large amount of scholarly research on the subject. Admittedly, there are still wide gaps in the current state of information and knowledge on the matter and much more remains to be done. Nevertheless, theoretical and empirical research that has been conducted thus far has yielded fresh insights into the problem. We now have a clearer understanding of the underlying causes of corruption, its consequences, and ideas and approaches on possible measures to combat it. At the same time, a better perspective has been obtained on the reasons why corruption persists in so many countries, and why it is difficult to deal with, although people throughout the world view it with disfavour. This paper presents some ideas and issues that have emerged from the current discussion and ongoing debate on the corruption question in the region and around the world. It considers the causes, consequences and international dimensions of corruption, which seem to have generated a lot of public attention in many countries. Thoughts and suggestions on possible remedial measures have also been included as it would not be a fruitful exercise to only discuss issues and problems, without coming forward with some solutions as well. The aim of the paper is to create greater awareness of the subject and to highlight the desirability to keep it in view in thinking about development issues, especially in the context of a least developed country. I. DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Definition In this paper, corruption is defined as the use of public office for private gain, or in other words, use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his own personal benefit. Following from this definition, examples of corrupt behaviour would include: (a) bribery, (b) extortion, (c) fraud, (d) embezzlement, (e) nepotism, (f) cronyism, (g) appropriation of public assets and property for private use, and (h) influence peddling. In this list of corrupt behaviour, activities such as fraud and embezzlement can be undertaken by an official alone and without involvement of a second party. While others such as bribery, extortion and influence peddling involve two parties – the giver and taker in a corrupt deal. The two party type of corruption can arise under a variety of circumstances. Often mentioned are concerned with the following: (i) Government contracts: bribes can influence who gets the contract, the terms of the contract, as well as terms of subcontracts when the project is implemented. Government benefits: bribes can influence the allocation of monetary benefits such as credit subsidies and favoured prices and exchange rates where price controls and multiple exchange rates exist. Bribes can also be important in obtaining licenses and permits to engage in lucrative economic activities such as importing certain goods in high demand and in short supply. Moreover, bribes can be employed to acquire in-kind benefits such as access to privileged schools, subsidized medical care, subsidized housing and real estate, and attractive ownership stakes in enterprises that are being privatized. Government revenue: bribes can be used to reduce the amount of taxes, fees, dues, custom duties, and electricity and other public utility charges collected from business firms and private individuals. Time savings and regulatory avoidance: bribes can speed up the granting of permission, licenses and permits to carry out activities that are perfectly legal. This is the so-called â€Å"grease money† to turn the wheels of bureaucracy more smoothly, speedily and hopefully in the right direction. It is also not difficult to think of a really awful situation where rules and regulations, and the way they are applied, are so complex and burdensome that the only way left to get things done is to pay money to avoid them. Influencing outcomes of legal and regulatory processes: bribes can be used to provide incentives to regulatory authorities to refrain from taking action, and to look the other way, when private parties engage in activities that are in violation of existing laws, rules and regulations such as those relating to controlling pollution, preventing health hazards, or promoting public safety as in the case of building codes and traffic regulations. Similarly, bribes can be given to favour one party over another in court cases or in other legal and regulatory proceedings. Economic rent The concept of economic rent (or monopoly profit) occupies a central place in the literature on the subject of corruption. Economic rent arises when a person has something unique or special in his possession. This something special can be a luxury condominium in a posh neighbourhood, a plot of land in the central business district of the city, a natural resource like an oil well, or even some pleasing personal traits such as beauty and charm. A person who owns such a special asset can charge a more than normal price for its use and earn economic rent or monopoly profit. To illustrate, suppose there is a young lady who has breathtakingly good looks, a charming personality, and exceptional acting, singing and dancing skills. Due to these special personal assets, she becomes a superstar and a heartthrob of teenagers all over the country and thus commands a princely sum for her appearances. But what exactly is her economic rent? To determine this, it is necessary to know the next best thing she can do to earn a living if she is not a superstar. Suppose she has a law degree so the next best occupation she can take up is to become a lawyer. Then the difference between her income as a superstar and the earnings she can obtain from her next best occupation (as a lawyer), is her economic rent for having an unusually pretty face, charm, and superb singing, dancing and acting talents – a winning combination which no other young lady in the country can match. A similar line of reasoning can be applied to a minor bureaucrat working in the business license issuing office of a government ministry. Suppose this bureaucrat has the responsibility of typing, stamping the official seal, getting the appropriate signatures and delivering the authorization letter that grants permission to business enterprises to engage in a certain line of economic activity. Business executives are anxious to have the letter typed expeditiously and correctly, and have it properly stamped, signed, sealed and delivered and are willing to pay a price for this special service. Hence the bureaucrat who has a monopoly of typing, stamping and processing the letter can use his official position to acquire economic rent from his clients. A useful approach to find out the amount of his economic rent is to think of what he can earn if he is fired from the licensing office.

Essay --

Geography is a subject of huge interest to me because it covers a wide variety of topics that are ever-changing and has made me realise how much impact Geography has on our lives. Geography is always relevant, tackling issues in the world today such as overpopulation and climate change. I have been particularly intrigued by the Human side of Geography through studying such topics as Globalisation and Migration. It is the social aspects of Geography that have highly influenced what I would like to study in the future. Fieldwork has been a huge part of my Geography A-level, which I have thoroughly enjoyed as it enables us to work outdoors, allowing exploration aspects that we have not covered in books. I have developed many geographical skills which have increased my independence in the subject. I am now more able to evaluate situations from my own perspective. We recently looked at the redevelopment of London Docklands, a renovation that has provided a catalyst for change, which I find particularly interesting. I am involved in a Geographical Society within the school. This has helpe...

Punishment Versus Rehabilitation

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Brenda A. Dove AJS/502 Version I September 10, 2012 John V. Baiamonte, Jr. Ph. D. Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Punishment versus Rehabilitation, there has been many debates on the effectiveness of punishment compared to the effectiveness of rehabilitation of convicted offenders in prison and under community supervision. If an individual commits a crime serious enough to warrant incarceration, then the individual is sent to prison as a form of punishment.While incarcerated the individual may have the opportunity to receive rehabilitation. Does it mean that the individual will be rehabilitated? One can only imagine. This is a debatable issue. Is punishment or rehabilitation more effective in combating crime? These findings will be discussed in this paper in more depth. According to DeLuca, Miller, and Wiedemann (1991), â€Å"Some prison facilities use punishment as the main approach, such as Texas. Massachusetts and Connecticut stress rehabilitation, and some facilities use punishment and rehabilitation, such as Michigan.There is currently no prison facility that focuses on incarceration as a short period of punishment followed by a long period of community-based rehabilitation and strict supervision† (para. 6). Rehabilitation wants to educate individuals about the wrong choices that they have made and help encourage these individuals to make better choices in the future. Rehabilitation recognizes that offenders may be victims of social economic conditions, and wants to help offenders learn from their mistakes, with the intention of not committing crimes when they get released.According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"Meta-analysis is the study of other studies, and in this case, the studies test the effectiveness of various programs of correctional treatment. Advocates of rehabilitation believe that meta-analysis can be used to supply deposits of prior research, to reveal hidden veins of effective treatment not necessarily revealed by individual studies† (para. 2). According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"Each study is coded on a number of variables such as characteristics of the research design, characteristics of the subjects studied, and haracteristics of the treatment applied. In theory, by combining and reanalyzing studies, meta-analysis may be able to separate treatment effects from differences due to uncontrolled characteristics of the subjects, or other deficiencies of research design, even if those sources of error were not controlled adequately by any of the primary studies taken separately† (para. 3). According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"It may not be worthwhile to debate whether meta-analysis or other research has identified â€Å"what works† by way of prisoner rehabilitation.Engaging in such debate presupposes that effectiveness, or utility, is the crucial issue in discussing the value of rehabilitation in the criminal justice system generally and inside pris ons in particular. Underlying the zeal with which meta-analysts claim to have proved scientifically that â€Å"something works after all† is the implicit argument that because rehabilitation can be made more scientific it is therefore both a viable and a desirable alternative to punishment† (para. 4).According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"The meta-analysts believe that we turned away from treatment and toward punishment because Martinson and others convinced everyone that nothing works; therefore, convincing people of the opposite should help to turn them back in the â€Å"proper† policy direction† (para. 5). According to Rhine, Smith, and Jackson (1991), [In 1974, Robert Martinson published â€Å"What Works–Questions and Answers about Prison Reform,† an article describing research on the effectiveness of correctional treatment.Martinson made several key points about a massive review of research on correctional treatment. His first point was that the research showed that there was not much good news about rehabilitative programs. Some programs worked, but they were few and far between (para. 1). The second point, which was largely ignored, was that the quality of the program implementation and research was so poor that it was hard to draw many strong conclusions. The nuances of his findings were lost, and the research was presented as showing that correctional treatment programs did not work at rehabilitating criminal offenders.The infamous sound bite that emerged from this was that â€Å"Nothing Works† when it comes to rehabilitation (para. 3). In fact, the actual results said no one approach works with everybody. Despite the fact that the sound bite was an exaggeration, the message carried great influence in legislative and public policy debates and actions. The Nothing Works message swept the political and public policy arenas and correctional programs and practice. Rehabilitation programs and services wer e greatly reduced from the correctional landscape (para. ). This belief indicated that if offenders could not be rehabilitated then they should be punished and it was time to get tough on crime. Within a relatively short time parole was attacked and the individual approach of indeterminate sentencing, or release by the authority of a parole board was abolished in 16 states (Rhine, Smith, and Jackson, 1991) and some form of determinate sentencing was adopted in all 50 states (Mackenzie, 2000)]. According to Department of Corrections, (n. d. ), [However, not all hope was lost.A small number of vocal critics of the ‘nothing works’ doctrine actively challenged the assumptions and empirical evidence presented by Martinson and colleagues. Foremost in this debate were a number of North American researchers, including Ted Palmer, Paul Gendreau, Don Andrews and Robert Ross. At the same time as Martinson was announcing that very few things had any effect on recidivism, Palmer (19 75) was reanalyzing the same data and finding that more things worked than the original analysis showed (this position was also supported by Thornton’s (1987) reanalysis of a selection of studies used by Lipton and co-workers in 1975).Similarly, Gendreau and Ross (1979) and Ross and Gendreau (1980) were reporting on research that documented positive outcomes, directly countering the argument that nothing worked. Perhaps the most damaging blow to the ‘nothing works’ position was delivered by Robert Martinson himself. In 1979 he wrote a paper which acknowledged errors in the earlier reviews and reported on a number of new studies which demonstrated that some things did work. On the basis of substantial contradictory evidence, Martinson recanted the ‘nothing works’ statements made in his 1974 article] (para. ). Incarceration is for those offenders that have broken the law and as a result they have received imprisonment. It punishes offenders for what th ey have done wrong and acknowledges the victim by giving them justice for the wrong that has been committed against them by the offender. Incarceration allows the offender to be confined and take some form of initiative to seek help and learn how to change their behavior. If an offender wants to change their life around, they can seek the necessary resources to make those changes. Offenders have to want to change their lives around.If offenders do it simply because they are made to do so then, they will eventually be back in prison. It is about changing the mindset and making a decision to turn away from wrongdoing and make the right decision to make positive choices. Punishment is more effective in combating crime. It helps offenders to understand what they have done wrong and accept accountability and responsibility for their behavior. Punishment is a constructive endeavor, not a destructive endeavor. Punishment is a positive good rather than a negative evil. It requires the right people with the right attitudes.If prison officials are hostile, cruel, and inappropriate towards inmates, it defeats the purpose. Prison officials need to be professional and firm but respectful towards inmates. If inmates are not treated fairly in prison, they will find it hard to understand that it is fair for them to be incarcerated in the first place. In order for inmates to accept their punishment they must understand that it is just, not malicious. The duties and responsibilities of prisons are to manage and handle their facilities to the best of their ability.In closing, it is not the responsibility of prisons to reform, rehabilitate, or reintegrate offenders into society. Each inmate needs to be responsible for their own wellbeing, social correction, and their future conduct. While it may not be an easy task for any inmate, they have to make the decision to change their life around. It has to be there decision; no one can do it for them. They must have the right mindset an d be willing to make changes for the better. References Bureau of Justice Assistance. (n. d. ). â€Å"Nothing Works†, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, https://www. bja. gov/Publications/APPA_PSN. df Department of Corrections. (n. d. ). Historical Background: The â€Å"What Works? † Debate, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, http://www. corrections. govt. nz/research/the-effectiveness-of-correctional-treatment/historical-background. html Federal Bureau of Prisons. (1993). Meta-Analysis Rehabilitation of Punishment, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, http://www. bop. gov/news/research_projects/published_reports/cond_envir/oreprlogangaes. pdf National Criminal Justice Reference Service. (1991). Punishment vs. Rehabilitation: A proposal for revising sentencing practices, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from,

A Whistle-Blower for All Seasons

Whistle-blowing has had a long and venerable tradition in the history of politics. From Cicero and his Catiline Orations to Cynthia Cooper at WorldCom, whistle-blowers have existed for as long as there was political intrigue and power on the line.For this essay, however, the focus will be on one particular famous historical whistle-blower; Sir Thomas More, a former chancellor to Henry VIII of England. This essay will attempt two things; to compare Sir Thomas More to recent famous whistle-blowers and to determine what makes an effective whistle-blower.By way of background, in 1534 King Henry VIII of England sought an annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, in order to marry Anne Boleyn. (Brigden) More resigned from the Chancellorship when the English Parliament enacted several acts designed to wrest authority over the English Church from Rome when the King’s annulment was refused by the Pope. (Williams) He was eventually executed for his refusal to cooperate.Sir Tho mas More, as portrayed in Robert Bolt’s play called A Man For All Seasons, is the penultimate man of conscience. In one of the more famous lines from the play, Sir Thomas answers Norfolk’s pleas for fellowship on the matter of the Act of Succession by replying, â€Å"And when we stand before God, and you are sent to Paradise for doing according to your conscience, and I am damned for not doing according to mine, will you come with me for fellowship?† (Bolt)This shows the esteem with which Sir Thomas More held the human conscience, and deemed that a man ought to live and die by the dictates of that conscience.This particular trait is something he shares with modern-day whistle-blowers like Linda Lewis of the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the US Department of Agriculture, who blew the whistle on her agency’s lack of preparedness in the event of a terrorist attack. She claimed that both More and Martin Luther were her inspirations when she made the d ecision to blow the whistle, quoting Martin Luther’s â€Å"Peace if possible, but truth at any rate†. (Andersen)Sir Thomas More also had the advantage of a strong faith, which lent him transcendent moral ideals. He was â€Å"the King’s good servant, but God’s first†, whose answer to Norfolk’s questioning of the concept of Apostolic Succession[1] was, â€Å"But what matters to me is not whether it's true or not but that I believe it to be true†. (Bolt) His faith was tied to his notions of conscience, and a violation of a transcendent moral principle was more intolerable than political and personal upheaval.   Whistle-blowing can be a very isolating act.A whistle-blower often breaches expectations of loyalty from the group he or she belongs to. (Bok) This leads to retaliation from the group the whistle-blower once expected to be safe in. However, a transcendent belief, be it in the form of ethics, religious beliefs, community allegian ces, ontological security, economic security or political ideology, helps whistle-blowers identify with a higher authority and gives them the fortitude to go through with the act and withstand the strong pressure to conform. (Jasper)More shares this trait with FBI whistle-blower Fred Whitehurst, who claimed that his religious faith sustained him in his decision to against his superiors in a matter of evidence tampering. (Andersen)[1] Apostolic Succession is the doctrine that all bishops of the Church are successors of the Apostles, with the Pope succeeding St. Peter.

8 Interview Strategies for Introverts

8 Interview Strategies for Introverts It’s hard enough to find a job that’s fit for an introvert- let alone acing an interview for one. Perhaps you’re feeling overwhelmed by all of the interview advice out there, and feeling like you won’t ever quite be able to deliver? You don’t have to be extroverted or able to do things on the fly to get the job you want. Though you might be at a slight disadvantage if your introversion makes you come across as antisocial. To put your best self forward, try a few of these tips and strategies for success- even for the shy.1. Have a plan.One of the most overwhelming parts of socializing for an introvert is usually just not having any down time between periods of having to be â€Å"on.† Make sure you build in some solo quiet time before and after the interview to make sure your batteries are charged and you’re taking care of yourself. Plan your day around it and you’ll show up fresh and at your best, rather than overwhelmed.2. Do yo ur homework.The more you know, the more you can anticipate. Where exactly is your interview going to be located? Make sure you know how long it will take to get there and plan out your optimum route. Figure out who is going to be interviewing you and read up on them. Have topics ready to go that you can anticipate coming up during the conversation. And read up as much as you can on the company itself as well as the position you’re applying for. The better prepared you are, the less likely you are to get tripped up by any questions.3. Remind yourself of your strengths.Take a few minutes to go over your own resume and cover letter. Remind yourself of your accomplishments. Make a bulleted list of things you want to make sure to emphasize- especially if you usually freeze when having to sell yourself or sing your own praises. Remember, it’s a natural and good thing to do. So prepare to do it with minimal awkwardness.4. Prepare for small talk.Yes, the dreaded small talk is upon you. There’s no way around it. Even if you think it’s pointless and excruciating. Try instead to come up with a few questions that are more tolerable to you than sports and weather and last night’s Scandal. That way you can put you and the interviewer on common ground immediately and feel more comfortable. Write out a couple of these questions and commit them to memory.5. Look good so you feel good.Have all your ducks in a row- your portfolio at the ready, an extra copy of your resume and anything else they might need, and a snazzy outfit that makes you feel most comfortable and confident (and is also appropriate for their office culture/environment). Your clothes can show off that personality it takes you a while to let loose.6. Don’t try to be anything but yourself.Don’t try to be an extrovert when you aren’t. Even if you could fake being super outgoing and bubbly during the interview, you’re going to feel really awkward when y ou show up to work and everyone expects that of you on a daily basis.Don’t be embarrassed about being introverted. Remember, 50% of the population is just like you and being on the quieter side can actually be an asset in some situations. Be yourself and you’ll find a company that’s a good fit for you. And heck, if the opportunity comes up to mention explicitly that you’re an introvert- take it! There’s zero shame and it might even help your interviewer understand where you’re coming from.7. Match your interviewer’s tone.If you get stressed out in interview situations, just use your introvert superhero skills and do what you do best: listen and observe. Then you can match the tone of your interviewer as best as possible without having to second guess what sort of tone to use yourself. This will help you be more comfortable asking your own questions and sharing your best ideas!8. Nail the beginning and the end.If you think the whole pr ocess is just going to exhaust you, concentrate your biggest charm offensive on the first five and the last five minutes. Get that first impression and then leave them with a great impression and you’ll do great.

Greek Unity Essays

Greek Unity Essays Greek Unity Essay Greek Unity Essay There is much treatment over whether it was Grecian integrity that caused the triumph against the Persians in the old ages 490BC-479BC. The three chief points of position on the affair is that they were non united at all. which can be seen from the histories of Herodotus. that they were united. which can be seen in the Themistocles Decree and that it was Themistocles himself that made them unified. It is on the research of Herodotus that we rely most to a great extent on for our information of the Persian War period. He is frequently criticised for his inaccuracy. prejudice and failure to measure events decently. Unfortunately there is no other major antediluvian beginning against which bookmans can look into his facts. Plutarch writes about him with blasphemy and slander prevarication beneath his smooth. delicate surface and we must mind of unconsciously accepting his false and absurd thoughts about the greats noblest metropoliss and work forces of Greece. He is by and large dependable when it comes to the chief events. even though he is prone to overstate the size of the Iranian ground forcess brought against Greece. He is non. nevertheless. as utile when it comes to analysis. peculiarly his opinions about causes for events or tactics in conflicts. He openly declares his esteem for Athens and his histories are mostly written from the Athenian point of position. However. it must be remembered that he received his information at a clip when Athens and Sparta were hostile to one another. after 464. This could be a conducive factor as to why he writes as if there wasn’t integrity between the Greeks. : Herodotus dismisses the thought that the Greeks were of all time unified. In his Hagiographas he gives eternal illustrations of how the Greeks fought with each other invariably. He describes graft. perfidy and blackmail amongst the Grecian cantonments. One of these descriptions is that of Ephilates who showed the Persians the secret base on balls to the Spartans in the conflict of Thermopylae. He believed that if the Greeks were really unified. it was inadvertent and neer planned. Some modern historiographers tend to hold with this sentiment. In the conflict of Marathon. a Iranian armada of 600 ships embarked on an invasion force of about 20. 000 foot and horse on Grecian dirt merely north of Athens. Their mission was to oppress the Grecian provinces in revenge for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Iranian regulation. Athens mobilized 10. 000 hoplite warriors to support their districts. The two ground forcess met on the Plain of Marathon which was ideal for Iranian horse. The Athenians asked the Spartans for assistance in the conflict but harmonizing to Herodotus. the Spartans were unable to come directly off as they had their spiritual festival on at the clip ; And the Spartans wished to assist the Athenians. but were unable to give them any present relief. as they did non like to interrupt their established jurisprudence. They did state that they would come every bit shortly as it was over every bit rapidly as they could which shows the integrity at the clip between Athens and Sparta. the two chief forces at the clip. When Athens was in demand. Sparta would come to assist. Herodotus states After the full of the Moon. two thousand Lacedaemonians came to Athens. So eager had they been to get in clip that they took but three yearss to make Attica from Sparta. But it wasn’t integrity that helped the Greeks win this conflict. they were at a little advantage as they had cognition of their land unlike the Persians who had no apprehension of the Grecian geographics as it was really different to their ain. The Greek knew the Plain of Marathon good and could utilize the rugged land and the mountains environing the field to their advantage. The Athenians kept in the high land whereas the Persians stationed themselves on the field. Another thing that helped the Greeks win was the absence of the Persian horse when the Athenians decided to assail. The horse was one of the elect units of the Iranian ground forces and. if it were present at the conflict. would most likely have caused the Persians to win. There are two theories as to why the horse weren’t at that place. The first being that the Persians had ordered the horse back onto the Iranian ships. possibly to sail around the Grecian ground forces and assail them from behind. The 2nd being that the Equus caballuss were off eating grass and the Persians couldn’t acquire them to the conflict in clip. Harmonizing to Bury. the Spartans didn’t truly desire to travel to Thermopylae which suggests that the Greeks weren’t unified. This is presuming that the end of this conflict was to win and non a keeping program. Bury states that the Spartans attempted to cover his [ Leonidas ] selfish and short-sighted policy by the supplication that they were hindered from processing Forth in full force by the jubilation of the Carnean festival proposing that the Spartans did non desire to direct a full ground forces to assist the Athenians. But harmonizing to most historiographers. the purpose at Thermopylae was to keep the Iranian ground forces back while the Greece forces ready themselves at the Isthmus. Buckley states The Iranian ground forces could non be defeated in such a place. but it’s progress could be held up indefinately. This shows that the Greeks had a program and cognize precisely what they were making. Leonidas’ determination to remain and decease with the 300 Spartans is said to hold been in the vain hope that the Persian force that had travelled down the way might itself be trapped between the 300 Spartans and the chief Greek force South of Thermopylae. This shows integrity between the Greek provinces against Persia regulation. Herodotus suggested that it was because of the prognostication that Sparta would be plundered unless a Spartan male monarch died. While the events at Thermopylae were blossoming. a limited and indecisive naval battle took topographic point at Artemisium. If either side gained an advantage in this conflict. modern historiographers would state that it was likely the Persians. Nevertheless. a storm blew up and inflicted harm on both fleets. In this case. the Persians became the also-rans. This conflict lessened the Persian fleet which subsequently proved as an advantage to the Greeks in the conflict of Salamis. During this conflict the Athenians gave up their leading place as they knew that they would hold better opportunities if person else was to take. This scheme used besides shows integrity between the Greeks. Herodotus states that The Athenians waived their claim in the involvement of national endurance. cognizing that a wrangle about the bid would surely intend the devastation of Greece. The Themistocles Decree shows a planned lineation of the Athenian emptying proposing that it was the program the whole clip and that the conflicts of Thermopylae and Artemisium were to keep the Persians back. This besides suggests integrity between the Greeks as they follow the program Troezen letterings say before Thermopylae. The decree provinces that Who live in Athens shall put [ their kids and adult females ] on Troezen – the Founder of the land. [ The aged and ( movable ) ] belongings shall ( for safety ) be deposited at Salamis. [ the Treasurers and ] the Priestesss are [ to stay ] on the Acropolis [ and guard the ownerships of the ] Gods. The remainder of Athenians in their entireness and those foreigners who have reached immature manhood shall ship [ on the readied ] two hundred stores and they shall repel the [ Barbarian for the interest of ] autonomy. If this edict was in fact sound. it shows that the Greeks were intentionally unified. Besides. the Hellenic League is recorded to hold held many conferences at Corinth to discourse their schemes against the Persians. This indicates that the Greeks were organized and prepared to work together to destruct the Persians. Themistocles is said to be one of the most superb and advanced leaders of Athens. Thucydides describes him as a adult male who showed an unmistakable natural mastermind ; in this regard he was rather exceeding. and beyond all others deserves our esteem. He believed that when the Persians came in greater force the lone manner that they would cut off their supply lines was by get the better ofing them at sea. He besides knew that Athens future ballad with the sea. Herodotus and Aeschylus present Themistocles as the superb leader who fooled the hapless Xerxes into contending in the narrow Waterss of the passs of Salamis. He seemingly sent a courier sitting as treasonist to Xerxes to state him that the Greek fleet was about to withdraw and that unless he acted. they would acquire off. Themistocles convinced the Greeks that contending in the narrows would favor the smaller and heavier Greek fleet as combat in the Isthmus would favor the greater figure of Persians. He besides convinced them that a licking for the Persians at Salamis would halt the ground forces progressing to the Isthmus. By making this. he helped the Greeks greatly and harmonizing to Thucydides. saved the Peloponnese. Some historiographers say that the controversy that took topographic point between the different Greek leaders which shows disunity was really planned. They say that the statements were staged because of Iranian undercover agents who were listening in. The undercover agents would so travel back to Xerxes and state him that the Greeks had no opportunity of winning against the Persians as all they did was fight with each other. Hammond provinces that the conflict of Plataea was the finest accomplishments of Grecian integrity. Approximately 23 provinces had taken an curse of chumminess to contend together until the Iranian encroachers were destroyed. and for around three hebdomads over 100. 000 Greeks had faced utmost troubles. They had resisted the onslaughts of the Persians and their Alliess. There were menaces to integrity during those hebdomads. but it was a national confederation. nevertheless short lived. The Serpentine Column. now located in Turkey. is archeological grounds that suggests that the Greeks were unified. The column shows all the Grecian cit-states that were in the Hellenic conference and helped contend against the Persians. The list goes from most of import to least of import. Although it is difficult to state whether the Greeks were unified or non. it is clear that when the crunch clip came. they all pulled together and succeeded in get the better ofing the Persians. As Thucydides says. It was by common attempt that the foreign was repelled.

Conditions for Using a Binomial Distribution

Conditions for Using a Binomial Distribution Binomial probability distributions are useful in a number of settings. It is important to know when this type of distribution should be used. We will examine all of the conditions that are necessary in order to use a binomial distribution. The basic features that we must have are for a total of n independent trials are conducted and we want to find out the probability of r successes, where each success has probability p of occurring. There are several things stated and implied in this brief description. The definition boils down to these four conditions: Fixed number of trialsIndependent trialsTwo different classificationsThe probability of success stays the same for all trials All of these must be present in the process under investigation in order to use the binomial probability formula or tables. A brief description of each of these follows. Fixed Trials The process being investigated must have a clearly defined number of trials that do not vary. We cannot alter this number midway through our analysis. Each trial must be performed the same way as all of the others, although the outcomes may vary. The number of trials is indicated by an n in the formula. An example of having fixed trials for a process would involve studying the outcomes from rolling a die ten times.  Here each roll of the die is a trial. The total number of times that each trial is conducted is defined from the outset. Independent Trials Each of the trials has to be independent. Each trial should have absolutely no effect on any of the others. The classical examples of rolling two dice or flipping several coins illustrate independent events. Since the events are independent we are able to use the multiplication rule to multiply the probabilities together. In practice, especially due to some sampling techniques, there can be times when trials are not technically independent. A binomial distribution can sometimes be used in these situations as long as the population is larger relative to the sample. Two Classifications Each of the trials is grouped into two classifications: successes and failures. Although we typically think of success as a positive thing, we should not read too much into this term. We are indicating that the trial is a success in that it lines up with what we have determined to call a success. As an extreme case to illustrate this, suppose we are testing the failure rate of light bulbs. If we want to know how many in a batch will not work, we could define success for our trial to be when we have a light bulb that fails to work. A failure of the trial is when the light bulb works. This may sound a bit backward, but there may be some good reasons for defining the successes and failures of our trial as we have done. It may be preferable, for marking purposes,  to stress that there is a low probability of a light bulb not working rather than a high probability of a light bulb working. Same Probabilities The probabilities of successful trials must remain the same throughout the process we are studying. Flipping coins is one example of this. No matter how many coins are tossed, the probability of flipping a head is 1/2 each time. This is another place where theory and practice are slightly different. Sampling without replacement can cause the probabilities from each trial to fluctuate slightly from each other. Suppose there are 20 beagles out of 1000 dogs. The probability of choosing a beagle at random is 20/1000 0.020. Now choose again from the remaining dogs. There are 19 beagles out of 999 dogs. The probability of selecting another beagle is 19/999 0.019. The value 0.2 is an appropriate estimate for both of these trials. As long as the population is large enough, this sort of estimation does not pose a problem with using the binomial distribution.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Assignment - Essay Example The interest of the law is at the society at large and not on the individual who has committed a crime. Criminals are dangerous people in the society who threaten the social life of the community. These teenagers who are convicted of murder crimes are dangerous members of the society who are a threat to the community. The courts in their rulings will put the interest of the large community at hand and jail these criminals for life. These minors who commit these crimes are criminals in the making and can not be left free to disturb the public. These minors who commit these crimes can be pardoned for the charges, but this will encourage the other minors to commit such crimes since they know they can always get away with it. In regard to the same, other mature people can use the minors to commit murder crimes (Siegel & Senna, 147). The majority of the criminals in the world started their criminal activities when were young people. The earlier these criminal characteristics are noticed the better. The constitution is meant to protect the society at large and should be inclined towards the interest of an individual. These minor criminals, if pardoned and let to join the society they will become a bother to the society and a threat. Some human rights will argue that these are still children and should be given an opportunity to rejoin the society and become productive members of the same society. They argue that punishing these minors should be a process of rehabilitating them and making them law abiding citizens. They argue that these minors are in the process of development, and should be given a chance to contribute to the society and develop fully. They believe that some of these children’s behaviors will change at a later age. Some of these minors became violent as a result of how they were raised and the environment. However, these

JFK's Influence on the Civil Rights Movement Essay

JFK's Influence on the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example The movement was more or less non-violent in nature. The civil rights movement of the people of America was a success as the protest was resultant into changes in attitude of the people of America mainly the upper class towards the African-Americans. From a broader perspective not all who stressed for racial fairness between 1954 and 1968 did so in the expectation of endorsingpeaceful social change. A noteworthyshare of the civil rights drive was, however, dedicated to the idea of diplomatic challenges, rather than bloodstainedconfrontation or attack, to change racist establishments. Historian does believe that USA President John F. Kennedy was a significant character associated with the civil rights movement in the USA. The paper is critically analyzing the role played by USA president John F. Kennedy during the 1960s civil rights movement in the USA. The thesis associated with this paper is: Is John F Kennedy is the most influential president of the USA in terms of implementation o f Civil Rights and other policy implementation. John F Kennedy was considered as one of the key player in the successful implementation of civil rights movement in the USA.As a matter of fact his role in the civil rights movement of 1960s was considered as of his greatest legacies. His speech during 1963 while framing the civil rights as both legitimate and moral authoritative force helped to a great extent to form the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and made him an icon of the movement. During 1960, there was a President election scheduled to be held in the USA and candidates for that post John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. The movement was so intense that neither of them was able to ignore that. John F. Kennedy was the winner of that election and his sympathy for civil rights leader Martin Luther King when he was in jail was a great step taken by him which created an image of his

United States vs Burke case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

United States vs Burke case - Essay Example While walking a foot patrol, PO Charles Brown and his partner, PO Schroeder are approached by a woman, named Peppermint Patty, who tells them that her boyfriend, Linus Van Pelt, just beat her up and threatened to kill her.She then tells the police that he has drugs and guns in the apartment. The police asked her where her boyfriend was and she told them, "He's home, come with me." Patty takes the officers to a building three blocks away and brings them to an apartment. The police officers knock on the door and another woman answer the door. The police ask if Linus is home and the woman says that he just went to the store to get a pack of cigarettes. The police ask if they can come in and the woman says yes. While they are in, Patty tells the police officers that the woman is Linus's sister. Lucy. PO Brown asks Lucy if Linus keeps drugs and guns in the house. Lucy says, "I never saw any guns or drugs." PO Schroeder says, "So if I looked around I wouldn't find anything illegal here" Lu cy tells him that would be true. The police officers then remove the cushions from the couch and find two .38 caliber revolvers. They open a hallway closet and find three bags of cocaine hidden under some sheets and towels. Linus returns home and he and his sister are arrested. The defendants make a motion to suppress the evidence recovered from the apartment. Discuss the search and seizure issues involved and decide the motion. In United States v Burke (1963, DC Mass) 215 F Supp 508, affd (CA1 Mass) 328 F2d 399, cert den 379 US 849, 13 L Ed 2d 52, 85 S Ct 91, reh den 380 US 927, 13 L Ed 2d 815, 85 S Ct 902, a prosecution for mail robbery and conspiracy to rob the mails, it was held that the consent of the accused's landlady did not justify the warrantless search of the accused's apartment. The evidence disclosed that in response to persistent ringing of the doorbell of the accused's apartment, the landlady opened her door, advised the officers that the accused was not at home, and offered to let the officers inspect his room. The evidence further disclosed that the officers searched the room, ascertained that the accused was not present, and observed a postal uniform jacket, but left the room without seizing it. The court held that the search was illegal since the officers had neither a search warrant nor probable cause to arrest the accused. Denying the accused's motion to suppress various items of evidenc e, however, the court stated that since the officers at the time of the search already knew that the accused had recently acquired a letter carrier's uniform, no new evidence was discovered during this illegal search, so that the "fruit of the poison tree" doctrine had no application to the search. In United States v Paroutian (1962, CA2 NY) 299 F2d 486, the warrantless search of the accused's apartment was held to be invalid, and a subsequent seizure of narcotics and a letter based upon information discovered in the search, were held to be inadmissible against the accused, where the only authority the officers had for conducting the search was the apparent consent of the agent of the owner of the apartment building. The evidence disclosed that the agent accompanied the officers while they conducted the search, and that the accused was not in the residence at the time. Noting that it was unclear whether the accused had paid the rent for the month in which the search was conducted, the court stated that at the time of the search there was no indication that the accused did not intend to return to the apartment. Noting that the landlord made no efforts to evict the accused until several weeks after the search, the court stated that the accused was legitimately on the premises and was entitled to invoke the right of privacy guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment. Here, neither Peppermint Patty nor Lucy had the authority (at least on these facts) to allow the police into Linus' apartment to search the premises. Any evidence found as a result of the illegal search in the apartment must be suppressed.

Fighting for Four Freedoms and the Cold War and the United States Essay

Fighting for Four Freedoms and the Cold War and the United States - Essay Example Peace is far better tool rather than war. The cold war was a hostile rivalry between the US and Soviet Union which started from 1940’s and continued till the Soviet Union broke in 1991.The main reasons of the Cold war was the difference of ideologies. Soviet union which was basically a communist country was ruled by a dictator .this idea was not appreciated by the Americans. Both the nations believed that the other would harm the other nation beliefs. Stalin wanted other countries to come forward to help protect the Soviet Union from being invaded again on the other hand, US and Britain were worried that most of the areas of Eastern Europe were falling under Soviet Union. So lack of trust weakened these nations and they fell apart. Who was responsible for this Cold war? Some blame America some USSR. America tried to show their power and attacked Japan with an atom bomb which was very harmful for the upcoming of generations. During the reign of Eisenhower, most of the populatio n wanted to live a luxurious life. Â   It was a period of prosperity and most of the people started purchasing material things which did not happen ever before. Consequently, Eisenhower put forward the idea that the government should come forward and help in building roads and highways that were to connect to the suburbs.

Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Narrative - Essay Example I escorted her to the wardroom where she would stay for the time she would be at the hospital. She was hurt badly, had broken limbs and cuts in her body. The first thing to come out of her mouth was â€Å"take care of me, please† and I responded by saying â€Å"do not worry, you are in good hands.† This was the last conversation before she went unconscious. She was then taken to the theatre for several hours before she was put in intensive care unit. I spent about a month taking care of her. During this time, I helped her bath every day, dressed her and helped her feed and take her medication. She could not do this by herself. during this time she developed confidence in me and talked about her private life with me to relieve her stress. I told her, â€Å"whatever you want to share feel free because it will only be between me and you† and she responded by saying â€Å"Thank you, you really are helping me recover fast.† Sometimes she would ask me for certai n needs and I would advocate for her especially those that were to be provided by other personnel such as her therapist, dietician, activities director and the pharmacist. At one point her medicine had delayed and I had to have a conversation with the pharmacist. I Told him, â€Å"My patient has not received her medication, yet the bill is paid.† The pharmacist responded by saying, â€Å"sorry, I had forgotten.† I had to make it clear to him that patients medicine are not be joked with. I told him, â€Å"You ought to do your work or resign because patients cannot suffer because of your forgetfulness.† This ensured that my patient had her medicine in time always until the time when she was discharged. This aspect implies that the patients regard caregivers as their immediate representatives and as such, we should see to it that their views are well catered for during their stay (Reinhard & Young, 2009). My patient once narrated her experience at the hospital to me when she was a child, and it

The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition Essay

The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition - Essay Example The main goal of this paper is to delineate the inductive argument article of Alston and to critically analyze his arguments about the problem of evil, the principles related to skeptical theism, and if a logical argument of evil can be made possible. This world that we are living in is comprised of a very large extent of suffering. However, classical theism asserts that this world is made possible because of the creation of an omniscient, omnipotent, all seeing, and perfect God. The big question mark here is that why would this all powerful and gentle God develop a world that would include a bunch load of suffering? It is quite antagonistic in the sense that the concept of suffering is paired with good will and love. If it is an omniscient entity, the there should be no small bit of suffering in existence on the lands we are stepping in. Undoubtedly, suffering can be highly accredited to evil, that is, it is a bad thing. And this issue regarding the problem of evil was the principal issue in the empirical and inductive argument of Alston. The considerations regarding the problem of evil was the key variable into the establishment of the philosophical argument oftentimes called the argument from evil. As based on the introductory stages of the article, arguments can come from two different forms namely the deductive reasoning wherein its goal is to establish in a convincing fashion beyond any reasonable doubt, a God does not exist. On the other hand, its inductive reasoning counterpart seeks to promote an ideology that it is very implausible that a God exists to the point that it is beyond consciousness about believing of that God’s existence. Before discussing in detail about the inductive argument of evil and non-existence of God, it would be wise to have a brief account about the deductive version of the argument of evil to gain a

Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Narrative - Essay Example I escorted her to the wardroom where she would stay for the time she would be at the hospital. She was hurt badly, had broken limbs and cuts in her body. The first thing to come out of her mouth was â€Å"take care of me, please† and I responded by saying â€Å"do not worry, you are in good hands.† This was the last conversation before she went unconscious. She was then taken to the theatre for several hours before she was put in intensive care unit. I spent about a month taking care of her. During this time, I helped her bath every day, dressed her and helped her feed and take her medication. She could not do this by herself. during this time she developed confidence in me and talked about her private life with me to relieve her stress. I told her, â€Å"whatever you want to share feel free because it will only be between me and you† and she responded by saying â€Å"Thank you, you really are helping me recover fast.† Sometimes she would ask me for certai n needs and I would advocate for her especially those that were to be provided by other personnel such as her therapist, dietician, activities director and the pharmacist. At one point her medicine had delayed and I had to have a conversation with the pharmacist. I Told him, â€Å"My patient has not received her medication, yet the bill is paid.† The pharmacist responded by saying, â€Å"sorry, I had forgotten.† I had to make it clear to him that patients medicine are not be joked with. I told him, â€Å"You ought to do your work or resign because patients cannot suffer because of your forgetfulness.† This ensured that my patient had her medicine in time always until the time when she was discharged. This aspect implies that the patients regard caregivers as their immediate representatives and as such, we should see to it that their views are well catered for during their stay (Reinhard & Young, 2009). My patient once narrated her experience at the hospital to me when she was a child, and it

The Healthcare Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Healthcare Dilemma - Essay Example Later on, the Supreme Court stated that the Obama care had forced the state to register illegally for a Medicaid expansion together with the federal money that is set aside for it, in addition to threats of cutting off of Medicaid funds if they do not adhere to that. Many people who had embraced this act have been affected tremendously. For instance, some have been forced to deploy some of their workers in their companies, hence counting losses. This was a result of the cuts made to Medicaid reimbursement, and even some people are now left with dilemmas on what to do. It is usually painful and disturbing for an individual to incur losses on something that he/she did not expect, but coming into terms with it and accepting the situation the way it is is usually the surest way to find peace. Finally, I would like to advice all people affected by this act that they should try to view everything positively. This is because I am also affected and I have lost a lot, but I usually keep the fire burning bearing in mind that I still have a long life to

What automation does Essay Example for Free

What automation does Essay Office automation is one of the most important step towards the development of a better operations environment (Endrijjonas, 2005). Automation is considered a sure way to the development of a better operational environment and is often associated with increased productivity. Automating an office alone is not enough in ensuring this as the human aspect and contribution in automation is considerable. It is necessary for humans to intervene in any automated process as machines are created by man and are therefore bound to err. Moreover, the implementation of an automated office environment largely depends on the instruction streams that the system has been programmed with and is thus heavily dependent on the nature of the organizations operations. Automation is seen as a means to ease the work load. The office environment is one of the most tedious environment one can be in. The number of processes required for the functioning of an office make it difficult to implement a manual system. Therefore, an automated system does the same work in an environment that provide multiple functionality and at a speed that no ordinary man can ever achieve. Thus, the workload is managed more efficiently as the accuracy associated with the use of machines is higher than that of a manual system. Moreover, machines are seen as a means to the elimination of repetitive processes, and therefore the available human resource is used optimally. The overall result of the implementation of an automated system is efficiency in the operations process, which lead to optimal performance and thus increased performance which is seen in high throughput. One of the most misunderstood aspect of office automation is that the creation of a new system or tool is mandatory. This is a fallacy as there are instances where a wise selection of the available tools is all that is needed. Moreover, automation may imply the development and improvement of the existing system tools. Advantages Of Building There are several pros associated with building office automation software from scratch. The nature of the organization plays an important part in the determination of the advantage that the organization will accrue as a result of such a decision. Building is defined as coming up with a new system from scratch or from the system that is currently in place. Therefore, building is an initiative that will take place in the organization for a considerable time period and should therefore be monitored well within the organizational context. Economic One of the major consideration that an organization has to make in consideration of the development path in coming up with an automated Helpdesk support system is economic growth (Endrijjonas, 2005). The main aim of any business is making profits so as to engage in developmental and diversification agenda. The economic benefits accrued by the implementation of a system is thus a major consideration in deciding whether to choose or buy. When an organization builds a help desk support system, the organization from the first day of implementation becomes the owner of the system. Therefore, its asset base increases and so does the stability. This trend continues and any additional features added to the system will not only improve the efficiency of the system but also ensure that the organization grows. Therefore, the approach ensures that the organization grows at a level that is sustainable in consideration of its resource base. Furthermore, the need for additional funding, expertise and support from outside sources is eliminated or reduced by building. The needs of organizations may change, and they often do considerably. An important consideration in ensuring the growth of an organization is the effective address of their needs as at the time of occurrence (Grabbe, 2007). Industry and market trends are not the easiest aspect of business to predict as they are influenced by factors that are beyond the control of man. As a result the nature of an organizations need for automation is quite dynamic. A problem of this nature definitely requires a solution that befits, building an automated Helpdesk support system goes in line with dynamism. Building ensures that the system meets its objectives. Learning and development of technical staff is a consideration in development; the IT staff in developing the system get first hand knowledge and experience in developing and thus gain skills which will lead to better delivery by the automated system. Change is an aspect that is not easily accepted not only by humans but also by particles. According to Newton resisting change is normal for any particle, the psychological effect of change causes a general resistance (Kenyon, 2001). Therefore, organizations are often advised to implement changes in a gradual manner so as to ensure that all members of the organization are in line with the changes and thus uniform growth is experienced. Implementing an automated system is a change process and any organization should treat it one. Building an automation software goes in line with this and is thus appropriate is therefore appropriate. This is a very important consideration as the effect of a poorly managed change process on the economic stability of an organization is far much worse and often offsets the benefits and is a situation that any organization should go at any length to avoid. Cultural Organizational culture is cultivated for a number of years. Changing the culture as a means to development takes a number of years (Endrijjonas, 2005). Failure to incorporate the correlation of a strategy to corporate culture and the effect they have on each other is a source of failure of many project. Automation of office Helpdesk services is no exception and therefore all organizations must adopt a positive attitude towards the development of a culture friendly approach.

How to Interpret a Nursing Essay Question.

How to Interpret a Nursing Essay Question. Nursing essay questions are typically focused on key areas of clinical practice, either in relation to the needs of a client, or to an area of practice. Most nursing questions ask students how to respond to particular scenarios. As such, the student needs to identify the key words in the essay question, and ensure that their answer contains reference to the key words. Some questions require the student to use a reflective model to review their own practice, or the practice involved in a particular case. Ideally, the student should identify the model, and structure the essay around the sub-headings or concepts contained within that model. Most essay questions will also require the student to make good use of the evidence surrounding a topic or area of practice. Therefore, the student is expected to use a range of sources of primary literature to answer the question. Primary literature would include primary research articles, review articles, debate and discussion articles, and articles which provide case studies or reflections on practice. Some attempt should be made to comment on the quality of the literature relating to the topic. Evidence can include not only evidence about clinical issues, such as drugs or treatments, but also evidence surrounding key elements of nursing care, governance, nursing philosophies and models, and even nurse educatio n. To discuss an area of practice is not simply to present the evidence for and against the theories and practice points shown in the literature, it is to explore it from all angles. Nursing practice is based on concepts of health and illness, interprofessional working, medical versus social models of health and health care, governance and care planning, and management. Therefore, interpreting the question involves identifying what elements of practice are required to be examined. Usually, a nursing question asks the student to explore the concept, or treatment, its application, its implications, and, crucially, elements of the role of the nurse. Identifying these, and making recommendations for practice, drawing conclusions about practice, and recommending areas for future research, are key to answering a nursing essay question. In addition to these framework concepts, nursing essays are very much related to the concept of professionalism, and to the ethics of nursing care and practice. Professionalism is enshrined in the publications of the nurse’s governing body, which depends on which country the nurse is practising in. It is also enshrined in the ethics and philosophies of nursing. Current trends in nursing can be seen in the choices made about research methodologies, and in reactions to government documents, policies and strategies. Therefore, a good nursing essay will include reference to relevant policies and strategies, but will (usually) link these to the patient-centred models that dominate nursing care. Nursing questions must be interpreted in the light of the assessment, which is usually based on the module or unit of learning, the area of practice, such as community nursing, paediatric nursing, surgical nursing, elderly care, or the like, and usually relates to some of the concepts and ideas described above. But more than anything, interpreting the question means answering the question as set. Using a model of reflection that you have come across, such as Gibbs, Johns, Schon or Borton, reflect upon a practice experience from your last clinical placement. Provide a summary of the situation, case or critical incident, and also provide a rationale for choosing this topic as the focus of your reflection. Identify the areas of professional practice that relate to your role as a nurse, and critically evaluate your actions and those of your professional colleagues. Develop a plan to improve practice in relation to the experience and what you have learned from reflecting on it. Critical issues in nursing practice – using case studies to explore evidence-based practice. Using a case study derived from your own clinical practice experience, explore the provision of care for an adult with complex health needs. Outline your assessment of their needs, and include as an appendix a full care plan to meet their needs. Provide a rationale for your care plan, and a proposed timescale for evaluation. Evaluate the evidence base for practice in relation to the identified care needs, and in the light of this, critically analyse the care provided in relation to quality, patient-centredness and best practice. Evidence for nursing practice. Identify one aspect of nursing practice in relation to the acutely ill adult which you wish to investigate. Carry out a literature search and identify two articles of primary research which relate to this aspect of nursing practice. Carry out a full critical analysis of the quality of these articles, using a recognised framework for analysis, and in the light of research theories, identify the value of the studies for applying to your sphere of practice. Identify any problems or challenges in implementing this evidence into practice. Interprofessional working for nursing practice. Identify the healthcare/multidisciplinary team involved in the care of a patient of your choice, and indicate what the purpose of their involvement would be. Outline the professional responsibility and sphere of practice of each professional, and discuss the areas of practice where their roles (and yours) might overlap, exploring the potential consequences of this. Discuss the issues and challenges surrounding interprofessional communication and working in relation to the identified patient. Identify any strategies or guidelines which can be used to improve interprofessional communication and collaborative working, and evaluate these in relation to the patient and the healthcare context. Management in nursing the acute adult. In relation to your current placement, identify a nurse who acts in a leadership or management capacity, and outline their role and the clinical context. Analyse their role, actions and responsibilities in the light of leadership and management theories, with specific reference to accountability. Relate this analysis to the role of the nurse and the Nursing and Midwifery Council rules and codes of conduct. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of their leadership or management activities, and make recommendations for improvement.

Platypus Envenomation :: Australian Animals Wildlife Essays

Platypus Envenomation Abstract The duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), order Monotrema, can be found throughout river systems in eastern Australia. The males have a retractable spur located on each of their hind legs. The spurs are attached to venom glands that produce a toxic cocktail of at least four different classes of peptides. These four compounds (Hyaluronidase, OvCNP-39, OvNGF, and defensin-like peptides) are highly selective enzymes and polypeptides that work together to inflict excruciating pain and edema that can last for months. The first compound identified, Hyaluronidase, lowers viscosity to allow for a deeper penetration of the venom into tissue. A C-type natriuretic peptide called OvCNP-39 contributes to edema. OvNGF is a nerve growth factor that is responsible for extreme sensitivity to heat and pressure. The role of Defensin-like proteins is not well known, but it is believed that they contribute the pain and edema associated with the venom. An unknown compound has been found to induce Ca++ dependent current in root ganglion cells, which may also contribute to the feeling of pain. Research is being done to identify the roles of these compounds and the possibility of them being used in medicine. Introduction The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a unique animal that is found only in Australia. It is in the class Mammalia and the order Monotrema. Monotremes are phylogenetically the oldest of the mammals and can only be found naturally in Australia and in nearby New Guinea. They are quite different from placentals and marsupials and are believed to be the link between the reptiles and the other mammals. This is most noticeable though their means of reproduction and waste elimination. Montremes have a cloaca, which is a single opening for passage of solid and liquid waste, where the transfer of sperm takes place, and in females, the laying of eggs. This feature is shared only with birds and reptiles. Platypuses live solo, except during the breeding season. They feed on worms and freshwater crayfish (Cheerax destructor) in eastern Australian rivers (Sutherland, 1983). They have low average body temperature compared to other mammals, which further supports their reptilian evolution (Torres et al., 1999). They can live about 16 years and grow to be 40-50 cm long, with males being larger than females (Jackson, 2003). Venom: Production & Delivery A characteristic that helps add even more to the platypus ¡Ã‚ ¯ uniqueness is the males ¡Ã‚ ¯ ability to produce and deliver venom.

Chemical Reactions Essay

Introduction In this paper you learn about the reactions that occur between backing soda and lemon juice. We will also describe what is occurring with the molecules on a molecular level. Lastly we will explain what chemical bonds are formed and or broken when lemon juice and backing soda. Observations of the Reactants When most people hear baking soda they think of the bright orange box sitting in their pantry or refrigerator soaking up the foul odors that have come about from the onions or fish. Some may think of pancakes or baking a cake. Baking powder is a fine white substance with the consistency of powdered sugar. Baking soda is a chemical base. Another substance most people do not recognize as a chemical in their household is Lemon Juice. This is a liquid mixture of water and citric acid. Its color is mildly foggy and a pale yellow. Lemon juice is a chemical acid and when mixed with a base like baking soda creates a reaction. Reactions that occur Mixing lemon juice with baking soda gives you a chemical reaction. The lemon juice contains citric acid. The citric acid from the lemon juice will donate a hydrogen ion (H+) to the bicarbonate or baking soda (NaHCO3). When the bicarbonate is mixed into solution, the bicarbonate acts as a base and takes the H+ ion from the citric acid to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Whenever a chemical reaction produces gas, it will be highly favored due to its large increase in entropy associated with the gas formation. In this reaction, you will notice the solution bubbling and foaming due to the CO2 production. The reaction of lemon juice and baking soda is as follows: C6H8O7 + 3NaHCO3 Na3C6H5O7 + 3H2CO Essentially, one molecule of citric acid will react with three molecules of sodium bicarbonate. This will form one molecule of sodium citrate and three molecules of carbonic acid. It is a very exothermic chemical reaction. Molecular Level Baking soda or sodium bicarbonate is a salt while lemon juice is a citric acid. When combined, on a molecular basis, the acid in the lemon juice is able to lose a hydrogen (H+) ion while the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) of the baking soda is able to gain an ion. Mixed in a solution, the NaHCO3 dissociates into a sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion. The HCO3- then takes the H+ ion to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid). Bonds that formed and broken The bonds that are forming between the lemon juices and backing soda are polar covalent bonds. The bonds have an uneven electron share which is known as a dipole moment that makes them insoluble. Each the backing soda and the lemon juice have bonds that are broken. The bonds that are broken in the citric acid are when the H+ ions are taken away to form the H2CO3 and CO2. While this is happening the two molecules are sharing there atoms which is making then fight one another. So in return the baking soda does not naturalize the lemon juice like most acids and bases do. This is the violent bubbling reaction you see occur when the two are mixed. Conclusion Backing soda and lemon juice are two very few reactants that react the way they do. Normally a base and an acid turn neutral. This is not the case between these two chemicals. The molecules fight on another casing them to react violently resulting in the bubbling situation that is observer. As you have learned these two chemicals react in a way to form a gas called carbon dioxide. The color changed mildly to form a fogy white color. When it is compared on a pH level it is stronger than stomach acid. This experience has showed us that different reactants react in many different ways and that is why it is important to observe them many different items before make an assumption. Reference Swindells, J. (n.d.). What does lemon juice and baking soda do?. Retrieved from http://www.blurtit.com/q7839108.html Tro, N. J. (2009). Introductory chemistry. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. What is the chemical equation for lemon juice and baking soda. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_chemial_equation_for_lemon_juice_and_baking_soda

Policies to Reduce Pollution

The two policies that are mostly used to reduce pollution are the taxation of the pollution producers (Pigovian tax) and standards-change approaches. The Pigovian taxes are usually generally levied as an excise tax, which will raise the price of the goods produced. This causes the company to produce less which in turn lowers pollution. The standards-charge approach is to tax the pollution directly. The government determines the level of pollution that it thinks is appropriate, and then will charge a fine for each unit that is above the appropriate amount. This is how the standard-charge approach rewards the companies that produce less pollution and punishes the companies that exceed the allotted pollution amount. Unfortunately, standard-charge approaches don’t enable policy makers to control the air quality. The government has to estimate how much a company will reduce their pollution when they are fined. If the government sets a fine to low, the company may determine that it is cheaper to pay the fines rather than reduce its pollution. This also will not give the company an incentive to reduce their pollution level below what the government has set as the desired limit. The positive benefits to these measures are that our ecosystems are healthier and this also helps the health of the people living in the local environment. Air pollution is known to cause a great deal of disease in the population, especially respiratory disease. The environments ecosystems will benefit when people and companies lower their use of fossil fuels, this will help to lower greenhouse gases. Taxes and fines always have some sort of losses involved, both to the companies and to the government applying the fines. When the different taxes are levied, companies will find ways to reduce costs by either cuts in staffing or outsourcing what they are able to send to foreign companies. Another cost involves the failure of the government. The different taxes and fines levied on companies are paid over to the government and the government is notorious in their inefficiency in the use of their funds. Most government agencies are overly bureaucratic and cumbersome which can create unnecessary regulations that are impossible to enforce. It is impossible to determine the exact level of pollution reduction needed to produce a healthier living environment. At this point in time, society controls the pollution levels until the costs outweigh the benefits of additional controls. This assumption isn’t always valid. It has been proven, through past actions, which as air quality improves it becomes more difficult to reduce the levels of pollution at a reasonable cost. Even though society demands a clean environment for health reasons, it is a higher concern depending on income levels. The higher the income level the more of a concern it will be. Those with a lower income that are without medical insurance are less inclined to worry about pollutions that will harm them over time. Pollution should be reduced so that it will not negatively affect the health of the population or the environment. Unfortunately we also have to weigh the lowering of pollution against the cost of job loss and the cost of goods. In the end, as long as the government policies are able to reduce pollution to a level that is socially acceptable they can be viewed a success.

Ia Math

IA Task I Introduction and purpose of task: The purpose of this task is to investigate the positions of points in intersecting circles and to discover the various relationships between said circles. Circle C1 has center O and radius r. Circle C2 has center P and radius OP. Let A be one of the points of intersection of C1 and C2. Circle C3 has center A and radius r (therefore circles C1 and C3 are the same size). The point P’ (written P prime) is the intersection of C3 with OP. This is shown in the diagram below.Analytically find OP’ using r=1 and OP=2, OP=3, and OP=4: First, I created a line (see the dashed line in the above figure) between AP’ that creates the ? AOP’. Because P’ is on the circumference of circle C3 and A is the center of circle C3, that means that AP’ is equal to the radius of C3, which is 1. We also know that because line AO connects the circumference of C1 with the center of C1 (O) and the circumference of C3 with the cent er of C3 (A), the radii of these circles is the same, which means that they are equivalent circles.Therefore, in the ? AOP’, AO=AP. When a triangle has two equivalent sides, it is an isosceles triangle. By that logic, ? O=? P’. Now, I looked at the triangle that is already drawn in the above figure, ? AOP. We know that this triangle is also isosceles because OP=AP. By that logic, ? A=? O. Using the law of cosines c^2=a^2+b^2-2abcos(C), which works for any triangle, I assigned ? to ? O and determined that cos(? )=1/(2*OP). Then, using the law of sines (insert law of sines here), sin(? )/1=sin(180-2? )/OP’ OP’=sin(180-2? /sin(? ) OP’=sin(2? )/sin(? ) OP’=2cos(? ) But because cos(? )=1/2OP as earlier discovered; OP’=1/OP By using this equation, I derived the following answers analytically using r=1 and OP=2, OP=3, and OP=4. OP234 OP'0. 50. 330. 25 Behavior of intersecting circles and general statement describing interaction that occurs w hen value of OP is changed: As OP changes, the resulting OP’ value decreases exponentially. This shows that ______________ BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH Analytically find OP’ using OP=2 and r=2, r=3, and r-4:Behavior of intersecting circles and general statement describing interaction that occurs when value of OP is changed: Comments on consistency of general statement #1 vs. general statement #2: Use technology to investigate other values of r and OP. Find the general statement for OP’: Test the validity of the most recent general statement by using different values of OP and r: Discussion of scope and/or limitations of the most recent general statement: Explanation of how general statement was arrived at: Further comments: Further investigation into relationships of intersecting circles:

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Journal - Assignment Example On an economic front, the lives of the Americans started improving as they gained employment even though the wages were still lower and the working conditions were deplorable (I am Marching, p. 3). Employment was created through the numerous projects the federal government authorized through various acts. There were acts such as Works Progress Administration (WPA) which offered jobs to hundreds and thousands of the unemployed working in the projects such as building bridges, post offices and schools amongst many others. There was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up to provide relief in terms of money through the local governments among many others (Out of Many, p. 634). On the political front, the federal and state governments were in agreement over the deal even though this was not the initial reaction. The federal government controlled the money but eventually came to an agreement with the state government to be making decisions on disbursement of the money once it reached that level. This however further brought political divisions as most African-Americans were denied the relief by the state government. The government developed programs in line with the new deal and some of these were social service programs involving the women, children and the disabled in the society. The women for example had their own employment agencies different from that of the men and they were offered employment in areas that were not as difficult as that of the men. These included domestic employments such as cooking and serving for the miners and washing the utensils among others (America writes to their leaders, p. 1). They regulated these social services because they were trying to give employment to all genders keeping in mind the fact that with depression, many men disappeared from their homes and women were left to provide for their children. The new deals led to creation of employments but no regulation on wages and working

Social Inclusion (SWFS5004) Foundation Degree Assignment

Social Inclusion (SWFS5004) Foundation Degree - Assignment Example More recent scholarly studies reveal that social exclusion is multi-faceted in character. Levitas (1998) thus sees it as a multidimensional concept, dependent on the position of a person or a group of persons in the society. He further notes that every form of societal marginalization can cause social exclusion. Social exclusion is conceptualized via various social processes and aspects of daily life such as economical, cultural, disability, political and organizational just to name a few. In the views of Levitas (1998), social exclusion is the product of an intricate process and definitely not as a result of economical disadvantage alone. Hence, the concept of social exclusion should be thought in the framework of a social organization in which four subsystems namely politics, economics, social/community and family systems are at play (Phillipson et al, 2003). Even though social exclusion is seen as multi-facial, it nevertheless still poses constant problems. Cushing (2003) further observes that the concept of social exclusion is not only multi-faceted in the sense that it is controlled by various social processes, but the idea is also relational. ... Phillipson et al (2003) also observe that exclusion and inclusion form a dynamic phenomenon. This is because within a given society, an individual can be socially excluded or included over a given period of time. For this reason, it is not wise to give all inclusive definition of social exclusion but to employ an approach that identifies deprivation factors (Pierson, 2001). A good example is deprivation of employment. In this approach, social inclusion originates from synergies between various players in local government and services as well as social partners via participation, associations and networking (Silver, 1994). Levitas (1998) observes that exclusion depends on system failures only. Within this viewpoint, social exclusion is viewed on the basis of the hetero-designation of particular groups which are termed as the excluded. Other studies neglect the human potential to build inclusion within one or several everyday spheres according to Massey & Jess (1995). A number of conce rns have been raised regarding self-designation processes, the effects of identity on inclusion as well as exclusion boundaries which may mediate in the said identities. Hence, social exclusion may depend on the role of a person who is socially excluded when he or she can offer nothing to the society in exchange for what society can give back (Phillipson et al, 2003). Moreover, individuals, groups of people and societies can lock themselves off, creating ever higher boundaries by asserting their norms in a strict and rigid style which may, as a result exclude others who do not agree with them or who are not recognized by them (Castles, 2000). There are a number of cases in which religious, political and ethnic causes have resulted

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being Essay

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being - Essay Example Naturally, this procedure of birth requires a large accumulation of water like a pool or a tub, which can be utilized as an effective receptive medium of labor (Cluett, Burns, 2011, p.2). Water birth represents a unique way of giving birth and marks a departure from the traditional labor procedure. People have been curious to know the effectiveness and success of this new process. For this purpose, there have been numerous studies and researches undertaken to find out the effects of water birth on the pregnant women and also on the newborn infants. For expectant mothers, giving birth in water is considered to a much more gentle process than the conventional labor method lying on a bed. Studies have shown that water birth enhances maternal relaxation, decreases the analgesia requirements and encourages the women to easily adopt a model of care for their newborns. However, the benefits of the water birth process on neonatal health have not yet been so emphatically established. There is still a lot of discussion and research being undertaken on the impact of water birth on the health of the babies born by this method. This literature review has attempted to examine the information available on this topic. Women from across the world often opt for water birth as this eases the process of labor. However, they should also be made aware of the impacts on this method on the health condition of the new born infants. This would help expectant mothers to make an informed decision regarding a suitable procedure of giving birth. The findings of the different reviews are expected to provide conclusive results on the relevant subject. The existing research work will be examined and evaluated to find out whether there exist valid inferences which can help expecting women to make a prudent decision regarding their own health and that of their newborn children. (Ros, 2009, p.36) The

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Business Plan - Essay Example orporate Affairs Commission (CAC)—the national regulatory body in charge of registration and monitoring of limited liability companies operating at national and international levels. A board of directors comprising 3 directors with limited share holdings will be reconstituted to meet the requirements of CAC. All Stars is entirely into agricultural production. The company purchased a plot of land in a village in Toro Local Government Area of neighbouring Bauchi State for the construction of fish ponds, livestock house, and 2 small warehouses. The company’s farm is located in another village in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State. The choice of the location was influenced by factors such as availability of cheap land and proximity to natural stream for perennial source of water. An administrative office is located in the city-centre of Jos. Except for animal feed concentrates and fertilizer, all other inputs and supplies are sourced locally within the village community. The business is currently financed using personal savings. Thus far over $8,700.00 has been invested from this source. To expand the business, however, the company has sought for a loan of $12,711.00 from 2 banks. This loan is payable in one year. The interest rate on the loan component from a private commercial bank ($8,474.50) is 17% while that on the credit component from an Agricultural and Cooperative bank ($4,236.50) is 8%. The transformation of the business into a Limited Liability Company will require constitution of a board of director. Each member of the board is expected to have limited number of shares as provided by law. This will also raise the running capital for the business. All Stars Farms is essentially into agribusiness. It has 3 major sections: the fish farm, a livestock and vegetable farm. The company’s production is seasonal and mainly for the open market. There is no plan for processing in this phase of the company’s expansion. Therefore, profitability of

Essentials Mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Essentials Mangement - Essay Example â€Å"Without inspiration the best powers of the mind remain dormant, they is a fuel in us which needs to be ignited with sparks† (Johann Gottfried Von Herder, n.d) Motivation is accepted as the driving force behind every human action and organizational principles; whether it is traditional or new, also give much importance to motivation in a business setup. Human actions are primarily for certain goals and anything which helps them to achieve these goals will motivate them. Organizations are spending a substantial period of time in researching about the possible methods or strategies which can motivate the employees. Traditional methods like the rewards and punishments are not enough at present and the employees are thinking something beyond that because of the changing culture, social norms and life styles. The question of a generalised theory of motivation is on card for long time and many business experts are divided in their opinions about the above issue. This paper crit ically analyses the possibility of a generalised theory of motivation at work place. From the above diagram it is clear that achievement, recognition, nature of work and responsibility are the key motivating factors whereas how the business is run, supervision, work conditions and pay scale are the main areas which can demoralize or prevent the workers from achieving job satisfaction. An employee will be definitely motivated, if his achievements are recognized and complemented by the organization. For example, a worker who completes a project efficiently, economically and before the schedule should be complemented by some rewards which will boost his energy for improving his productivity further and further. On the other hand, if the organization fails to respond such outstanding piece of works will definitely prevent the employees from making a conscious effort