Policies to Reduce Pollution

The two policies that are mostly used to reduce pollution are the taxation of the pollution producers (Pigovian tax) and standards-change approaches. The Pigovian taxes are usually generally levied as an excise tax, which will raise the price of the goods produced. This causes the company to produce less which in turn lowers pollution. The standards-charge approach is to tax the pollution directly. The government determines the level of pollution that it thinks is appropriate, and then will charge a fine for each unit that is above the appropriate amount. This is how the standard-charge approach rewards the companies that produce less pollution and punishes the companies that exceed the allotted pollution amount. Unfortunately, standard-charge approaches don’t enable policy makers to control the air quality. The government has to estimate how much a company will reduce their pollution when they are fined. If the government sets a fine to low, the company may determine that it is cheaper to pay the fines rather than reduce its pollution. This also will not give the company an incentive to reduce their pollution level below what the government has set as the desired limit. The positive benefits to these measures are that our ecosystems are healthier and this also helps the health of the people living in the local environment. Air pollution is known to cause a great deal of disease in the population, especially respiratory disease. The environments ecosystems will benefit when people and companies lower their use of fossil fuels, this will help to lower greenhouse gases. Taxes and fines always have some sort of losses involved, both to the companies and to the government applying the fines. When the different taxes are levied, companies will find ways to reduce costs by either cuts in staffing or outsourcing what they are able to send to foreign companies. Another cost involves the failure of the government. The different taxes and fines levied on companies are paid over to the government and the government is notorious in their inefficiency in the use of their funds. Most government agencies are overly bureaucratic and cumbersome which can create unnecessary regulations that are impossible to enforce. It is impossible to determine the exact level of pollution reduction needed to produce a healthier living environment. At this point in time, society controls the pollution levels until the costs outweigh the benefits of additional controls. This assumption isn’t always valid. It has been proven, through past actions, which as air quality improves it becomes more difficult to reduce the levels of pollution at a reasonable cost. Even though society demands a clean environment for health reasons, it is a higher concern depending on income levels. The higher the income level the more of a concern it will be. Those with a lower income that are without medical insurance are less inclined to worry about pollutions that will harm them over time. Pollution should be reduced so that it will not negatively affect the health of the population or the environment. Unfortunately we also have to weigh the lowering of pollution against the cost of job loss and the cost of goods. In the end, as long as the government policies are able to reduce pollution to a level that is socially acceptable they can be viewed a success.

Ia Math

IA Task I Introduction and purpose of task: The purpose of this task is to investigate the positions of points in intersecting circles and to discover the various relationships between said circles. Circle C1 has center O and radius r. Circle C2 has center P and radius OP. Let A be one of the points of intersection of C1 and C2. Circle C3 has center A and radius r (therefore circles C1 and C3 are the same size). The point P’ (written P prime) is the intersection of C3 with OP. This is shown in the diagram below.Analytically find OP’ using r=1 and OP=2, OP=3, and OP=4: First, I created a line (see the dashed line in the above figure) between AP’ that creates the ? AOP’. Because P’ is on the circumference of circle C3 and A is the center of circle C3, that means that AP’ is equal to the radius of C3, which is 1. We also know that because line AO connects the circumference of C1 with the center of C1 (O) and the circumference of C3 with the cent er of C3 (A), the radii of these circles is the same, which means that they are equivalent circles.Therefore, in the ? AOP’, AO=AP. When a triangle has two equivalent sides, it is an isosceles triangle. By that logic, ? O=? P’. Now, I looked at the triangle that is already drawn in the above figure, ? AOP. We know that this triangle is also isosceles because OP=AP. By that logic, ? A=? O. Using the law of cosines c^2=a^2+b^2-2abcos(C), which works for any triangle, I assigned ? to ? O and determined that cos(? )=1/(2*OP). Then, using the law of sines (insert law of sines here), sin(? )/1=sin(180-2? )/OP’ OP’=sin(180-2? /sin(? ) OP’=sin(2? )/sin(? ) OP’=2cos(? ) But because cos(? )=1/2OP as earlier discovered; OP’=1/OP By using this equation, I derived the following answers analytically using r=1 and OP=2, OP=3, and OP=4. OP234 OP'0. 50. 330. 25 Behavior of intersecting circles and general statement describing interaction that occurs w hen value of OP is changed: As OP changes, the resulting OP’ value decreases exponentially. This shows that ______________ BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH Analytically find OP’ using OP=2 and r=2, r=3, and r-4:Behavior of intersecting circles and general statement describing interaction that occurs when value of OP is changed: Comments on consistency of general statement #1 vs. general statement #2: Use technology to investigate other values of r and OP. Find the general statement for OP’: Test the validity of the most recent general statement by using different values of OP and r: Discussion of scope and/or limitations of the most recent general statement: Explanation of how general statement was arrived at: Further comments: Further investigation into relationships of intersecting circles:

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Journal - Assignment Example On an economic front, the lives of the Americans started improving as they gained employment even though the wages were still lower and the working conditions were deplorable (I am Marching, p. 3). Employment was created through the numerous projects the federal government authorized through various acts. There were acts such as Works Progress Administration (WPA) which offered jobs to hundreds and thousands of the unemployed working in the projects such as building bridges, post offices and schools amongst many others. There was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up to provide relief in terms of money through the local governments among many others (Out of Many, p. 634). On the political front, the federal and state governments were in agreement over the deal even though this was not the initial reaction. The federal government controlled the money but eventually came to an agreement with the state government to be making decisions on disbursement of the money once it reached that level. This however further brought political divisions as most African-Americans were denied the relief by the state government. The government developed programs in line with the new deal and some of these were social service programs involving the women, children and the disabled in the society. The women for example had their own employment agencies different from that of the men and they were offered employment in areas that were not as difficult as that of the men. These included domestic employments such as cooking and serving for the miners and washing the utensils among others (America writes to their leaders, p. 1). They regulated these social services because they were trying to give employment to all genders keeping in mind the fact that with depression, many men disappeared from their homes and women were left to provide for their children. The new deals led to creation of employments but no regulation on wages and working

Social Inclusion (SWFS5004) Foundation Degree Assignment

Social Inclusion (SWFS5004) Foundation Degree - Assignment Example More recent scholarly studies reveal that social exclusion is multi-faceted in character. Levitas (1998) thus sees it as a multidimensional concept, dependent on the position of a person or a group of persons in the society. He further notes that every form of societal marginalization can cause social exclusion. Social exclusion is conceptualized via various social processes and aspects of daily life such as economical, cultural, disability, political and organizational just to name a few. In the views of Levitas (1998), social exclusion is the product of an intricate process and definitely not as a result of economical disadvantage alone. Hence, the concept of social exclusion should be thought in the framework of a social organization in which four subsystems namely politics, economics, social/community and family systems are at play (Phillipson et al, 2003). Even though social exclusion is seen as multi-facial, it nevertheless still poses constant problems. Cushing (2003) further observes that the concept of social exclusion is not only multi-faceted in the sense that it is controlled by various social processes, but the idea is also relational. ... Phillipson et al (2003) also observe that exclusion and inclusion form a dynamic phenomenon. This is because within a given society, an individual can be socially excluded or included over a given period of time. For this reason, it is not wise to give all inclusive definition of social exclusion but to employ an approach that identifies deprivation factors (Pierson, 2001). A good example is deprivation of employment. In this approach, social inclusion originates from synergies between various players in local government and services as well as social partners via participation, associations and networking (Silver, 1994). Levitas (1998) observes that exclusion depends on system failures only. Within this viewpoint, social exclusion is viewed on the basis of the hetero-designation of particular groups which are termed as the excluded. Other studies neglect the human potential to build inclusion within one or several everyday spheres according to Massey & Jess (1995). A number of conce rns have been raised regarding self-designation processes, the effects of identity on inclusion as well as exclusion boundaries which may mediate in the said identities. Hence, social exclusion may depend on the role of a person who is socially excluded when he or she can offer nothing to the society in exchange for what society can give back (Phillipson et al, 2003). Moreover, individuals, groups of people and societies can lock themselves off, creating ever higher boundaries by asserting their norms in a strict and rigid style which may, as a result exclude others who do not agree with them or who are not recognized by them (Castles, 2000). There are a number of cases in which religious, political and ethnic causes have resulted

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being Essay

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being - Essay Example Naturally, this procedure of birth requires a large accumulation of water like a pool or a tub, which can be utilized as an effective receptive medium of labor (Cluett, Burns, 2011, p.2). Water birth represents a unique way of giving birth and marks a departure from the traditional labor procedure. People have been curious to know the effectiveness and success of this new process. For this purpose, there have been numerous studies and researches undertaken to find out the effects of water birth on the pregnant women and also on the newborn infants. For expectant mothers, giving birth in water is considered to a much more gentle process than the conventional labor method lying on a bed. Studies have shown that water birth enhances maternal relaxation, decreases the analgesia requirements and encourages the women to easily adopt a model of care for their newborns. However, the benefits of the water birth process on neonatal health have not yet been so emphatically established. There is still a lot of discussion and research being undertaken on the impact of water birth on the health of the babies born by this method. This literature review has attempted to examine the information available on this topic. Women from across the world often opt for water birth as this eases the process of labor. However, they should also be made aware of the impacts on this method on the health condition of the new born infants. This would help expectant mothers to make an informed decision regarding a suitable procedure of giving birth. The findings of the different reviews are expected to provide conclusive results on the relevant subject. The existing research work will be examined and evaluated to find out whether there exist valid inferences which can help expecting women to make a prudent decision regarding their own health and that of their newborn children. (Ros, 2009, p.36) The

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Business Plan - Essay Example orporate Affairs Commission (CAC)—the national regulatory body in charge of registration and monitoring of limited liability companies operating at national and international levels. A board of directors comprising 3 directors with limited share holdings will be reconstituted to meet the requirements of CAC. All Stars is entirely into agricultural production. The company purchased a plot of land in a village in Toro Local Government Area of neighbouring Bauchi State for the construction of fish ponds, livestock house, and 2 small warehouses. The company’s farm is located in another village in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State. The choice of the location was influenced by factors such as availability of cheap land and proximity to natural stream for perennial source of water. An administrative office is located in the city-centre of Jos. Except for animal feed concentrates and fertilizer, all other inputs and supplies are sourced locally within the village community. The business is currently financed using personal savings. Thus far over $8,700.00 has been invested from this source. To expand the business, however, the company has sought for a loan of $12,711.00 from 2 banks. This loan is payable in one year. The interest rate on the loan component from a private commercial bank ($8,474.50) is 17% while that on the credit component from an Agricultural and Cooperative bank ($4,236.50) is 8%. The transformation of the business into a Limited Liability Company will require constitution of a board of director. Each member of the board is expected to have limited number of shares as provided by law. This will also raise the running capital for the business. All Stars Farms is essentially into agribusiness. It has 3 major sections: the fish farm, a livestock and vegetable farm. The company’s production is seasonal and mainly for the open market. There is no plan for processing in this phase of the company’s expansion. Therefore, profitability of

Essentials Mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Essentials Mangement - Essay Example â€Å"Without inspiration the best powers of the mind remain dormant, they is a fuel in us which needs to be ignited with sparks† (Johann Gottfried Von Herder, n.d) Motivation is accepted as the driving force behind every human action and organizational principles; whether it is traditional or new, also give much importance to motivation in a business setup. Human actions are primarily for certain goals and anything which helps them to achieve these goals will motivate them. Organizations are spending a substantial period of time in researching about the possible methods or strategies which can motivate the employees. Traditional methods like the rewards and punishments are not enough at present and the employees are thinking something beyond that because of the changing culture, social norms and life styles. The question of a generalised theory of motivation is on card for long time and many business experts are divided in their opinions about the above issue. This paper crit ically analyses the possibility of a generalised theory of motivation at work place. From the above diagram it is clear that achievement, recognition, nature of work and responsibility are the key motivating factors whereas how the business is run, supervision, work conditions and pay scale are the main areas which can demoralize or prevent the workers from achieving job satisfaction. An employee will be definitely motivated, if his achievements are recognized and complemented by the organization. For example, a worker who completes a project efficiently, economically and before the schedule should be complemented by some rewards which will boost his energy for improving his productivity further and further. On the other hand, if the organization fails to respond such outstanding piece of works will definitely prevent the employees from making a conscious effort