Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly Essay

Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly - Essay Example What made the British Empire great was the fact that it formed the backbone of industrialization in this world. They were the cornerstone of industrial towns, developed cities and advanced water transport (Black, 2001). Everything the empire’s regime did was stored secretly not wanting any other empire to steal their secrets, which they did extremely well. The Japan Empire The Empire of Japan also known as the Empire of the Rising Sun was both an empire and world power, which existed from the Meiji reinstatement on January 3rd, 1868, to the endorsement of the post-Second World War Charter of Japan on May 3rd, 1947. Colonial Japan's fast militarization and industrialization under the slogan Fukoku Kyohei led to its surfacing as a world power, ultimately culminating in its association in the Axis alliance, as well as the subjugation of a large fraction of the Asia-Pacific expanse. At the summit of its authority, in 1942, the Japanese Empire administered over a land spanning 2,85 7,000 sq mi (7,400,000 square kilometers), which made it one of the leading marine empires in history. The Japan Empire was known mostly for its telecommunication advancement (Black, 2001). The Empire of Japan had a remarkable tally of technological accomplishments, and a remarkably well-equipped military. The army was advanced, but extremely oriental and traditional beyond the rank of other top rated empires. Even though, instead of having bullets, ballistic shells, missiles, warheads and other more straight based weapons, they created hi-tech arms, which armed the Imperial Japanese Forces technical fighting skills needed to defeat any superpower... Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly Apple Inc., ever since it started its operation in the 70s, has had a magnificent timeline, which people could consider as a success to the company (Isaacson, 2011). In the 70s, the company produced numerous computing machines such as the Apple I, Apple II, Disk II, which was a driver, and Apple Writer computer software. In the 80s, the firm launched the Apple III computer. It also launched the IB modems, Monitor III, IIA printers, Apple Image writer, Macintosh (128K), AppleColor Composite Monitor and AppleShare Server 1.0. The firm also launched, in the 80s, Macintosh Portable, Apple FDHD SuperDrive and Apple Scanner. In the 90s, the firm launched Macintosh IIfx, Macintosh Classic II, the PowerBook series from 100 to G3, Apple Design Powered Speakers and the Workgroup Server series from 60 to 8550 (Isaacson, 2011). Also, they came up with the Apple Network Server 700/200, eMate 300, Power Macintosh G3 desktop, Power Macintosh G3 minitower, Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, iMac G3, i Book, iMac (slot loading), Cinema Display (22"), as well as the Power Macintosh G4 Graphite. All these were inventions that took place before the new millennium. They were considered as landmark inventions to such a small established company in the field of IT. However, the 2000s has seen the popularity of Apple Inc. rise to another level. The Big-Kids computing world managed to arbitrate between the numerous computational roles, which could not be reconciled in a more direct manner through making the Apple’s materials a must-have item.

Causes Of Corruption Essay Example for Free

Causes Of Corruption Essay The paper stresses the need to keep the issue of corruption squarely in view in the development agenda. It discusses the causes and consequences of corruption, especially in the context of a least developed country with considerable regulation and central direction. Lack of transparency, accountability and consistency, as well as institutional weaknesses such as in the legislative and judicial systems, provide fertile ground for growth of rent seeking activities in such a country. In addition to the rise of an underground economy and the high social costs associated with corruption, its adverse consequences on income distribution, consumption patterns, investment, the government budget and on economic reforms are highlighted in the paper. The paper also touches upon the supply side of bribery and its international dimensions and presents some thoughts on how to address the corruption issue and to try and bring it under control. There is a growing worldwide concern over corruption at the present time. Several factors are responsible for this. First, a consensus has now been reached that corruption is universal. It exists in all countries, both developed and developing, in the public and private sectors, as well as in non-profit and charitable organizations. Second, allegations and charges of corruption now play a more central role in politics than at any other time. Governments have fallen, careers of world renowned public figures ruined, and reputations of well-respected organizations and business firms badly tarnished on account of it. The international mass media feeds on it and scandals and improper conduct, especially of those in high places, are looked upon as extremely newsworthy, and to be investigated with zeal and vigour. The rising trend in the use of corruption as a tool to discredit political opponents, the media’s preoccupation with it as a highly marketable commodity, and the general pu blic’s fascination with seeing prominent personalities in embarrassing situations have brought scandalous and corrupt behaviour, a common human frailty, into the limelight of international attention. Third – and the main issue taken up in this paper – is that corruption can be a major obstacle in the process of economic development and in modernizing a country. Many now feel that it should receive priority attention in a country’s development agenda. This greater recognition that corruption can have a serious adverse impact on development has been a cause for concern among developing countries. In a recent survey of 150 high level officials from 60 third world countries, the respondents ranked public sector corruption as the most severe obstacle confronting their development process (Gray and Kaufmann 1998). Countries in the Asia and Pacific region are also very worried about this problem and they are in substantial agreement that corruption is a major constraint that is hindering their economic, political and social development, and hence view it as a problem requiring urgent attention at the highest level. Increasing public interest and concern over corruption have resulted in a large amount of scholarly research on the subject. Admittedly, there are still wide gaps in the current state of information and knowledge on the matter and much more remains to be done. Nevertheless, theoretical and empirical research that has been conducted thus far has yielded fresh insights into the problem. We now have a clearer understanding of the underlying causes of corruption, its consequences, and ideas and approaches on possible measures to combat it. At the same time, a better perspective has been obtained on the reasons why corruption persists in so many countries, and why it is difficult to deal with, although people throughout the world view it with disfavour. This paper presents some ideas and issues that have emerged from the current discussion and ongoing debate on the corruption question in the region and around the world. It considers the causes, consequences and international dimensions of corruption, which seem to have generated a lot of public attention in many countries. Thoughts and suggestions on possible remedial measures have also been included as it would not be a fruitful exercise to only discuss issues and problems, without coming forward with some solutions as well. The aim of the paper is to create greater awareness of the subject and to highlight the desirability to keep it in view in thinking about development issues, especially in the context of a least developed country. I. DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Definition In this paper, corruption is defined as the use of public office for private gain, or in other words, use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his own personal benefit. Following from this definition, examples of corrupt behaviour would include: (a) bribery, (b) extortion, (c) fraud, (d) embezzlement, (e) nepotism, (f) cronyism, (g) appropriation of public assets and property for private use, and (h) influence peddling. In this list of corrupt behaviour, activities such as fraud and embezzlement can be undertaken by an official alone and without involvement of a second party. While others such as bribery, extortion and influence peddling involve two parties – the giver and taker in a corrupt deal. The two party type of corruption can arise under a variety of circumstances. Often mentioned are concerned with the following: (i) Government contracts: bribes can influence who gets the contract, the terms of the contract, as well as terms of subcontracts when the project is implemented. Government benefits: bribes can influence the allocation of monetary benefits such as credit subsidies and favoured prices and exchange rates where price controls and multiple exchange rates exist. Bribes can also be important in obtaining licenses and permits to engage in lucrative economic activities such as importing certain goods in high demand and in short supply. Moreover, bribes can be employed to acquire in-kind benefits such as access to privileged schools, subsidized medical care, subsidized housing and real estate, and attractive ownership stakes in enterprises that are being privatized. Government revenue: bribes can be used to reduce the amount of taxes, fees, dues, custom duties, and electricity and other public utility charges collected from business firms and private individuals. Time savings and regulatory avoidance: bribes can speed up the granting of permission, licenses and permits to carry out activities that are perfectly legal. This is the so-called â€Å"grease money† to turn the wheels of bureaucracy more smoothly, speedily and hopefully in the right direction. It is also not difficult to think of a really awful situation where rules and regulations, and the way they are applied, are so complex and burdensome that the only way left to get things done is to pay money to avoid them. Influencing outcomes of legal and regulatory processes: bribes can be used to provide incentives to regulatory authorities to refrain from taking action, and to look the other way, when private parties engage in activities that are in violation of existing laws, rules and regulations such as those relating to controlling pollution, preventing health hazards, or promoting public safety as in the case of building codes and traffic regulations. Similarly, bribes can be given to favour one party over another in court cases or in other legal and regulatory proceedings. Economic rent The concept of economic rent (or monopoly profit) occupies a central place in the literature on the subject of corruption. Economic rent arises when a person has something unique or special in his possession. This something special can be a luxury condominium in a posh neighbourhood, a plot of land in the central business district of the city, a natural resource like an oil well, or even some pleasing personal traits such as beauty and charm. A person who owns such a special asset can charge a more than normal price for its use and earn economic rent or monopoly profit. To illustrate, suppose there is a young lady who has breathtakingly good looks, a charming personality, and exceptional acting, singing and dancing skills. Due to these special personal assets, she becomes a superstar and a heartthrob of teenagers all over the country and thus commands a princely sum for her appearances. But what exactly is her economic rent? To determine this, it is necessary to know the next best thing she can do to earn a living if she is not a superstar. Suppose she has a law degree so the next best occupation she can take up is to become a lawyer. Then the difference between her income as a superstar and the earnings she can obtain from her next best occupation (as a lawyer), is her economic rent for having an unusually pretty face, charm, and superb singing, dancing and acting talents – a winning combination which no other young lady in the country can match. A similar line of reasoning can be applied to a minor bureaucrat working in the business license issuing office of a government ministry. Suppose this bureaucrat has the responsibility of typing, stamping the official seal, getting the appropriate signatures and delivering the authorization letter that grants permission to business enterprises to engage in a certain line of economic activity. Business executives are anxious to have the letter typed expeditiously and correctly, and have it properly stamped, signed, sealed and delivered and are willing to pay a price for this special service. Hence the bureaucrat who has a monopoly of typing, stamping and processing the letter can use his official position to acquire economic rent from his clients. A useful approach to find out the amount of his economic rent is to think of what he can earn if he is fired from the licensing office.

Essay --

Geography is a subject of huge interest to me because it covers a wide variety of topics that are ever-changing and has made me realise how much impact Geography has on our lives. Geography is always relevant, tackling issues in the world today such as overpopulation and climate change. I have been particularly intrigued by the Human side of Geography through studying such topics as Globalisation and Migration. It is the social aspects of Geography that have highly influenced what I would like to study in the future. Fieldwork has been a huge part of my Geography A-level, which I have thoroughly enjoyed as it enables us to work outdoors, allowing exploration aspects that we have not covered in books. I have developed many geographical skills which have increased my independence in the subject. I am now more able to evaluate situations from my own perspective. We recently looked at the redevelopment of London Docklands, a renovation that has provided a catalyst for change, which I find particularly interesting. I am involved in a Geographical Society within the school. This has helpe...

Punishment Versus Rehabilitation

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Brenda A. Dove AJS/502 Version I September 10, 2012 John V. Baiamonte, Jr. Ph. D. Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Punishment versus Rehabilitation, there has been many debates on the effectiveness of punishment compared to the effectiveness of rehabilitation of convicted offenders in prison and under community supervision. If an individual commits a crime serious enough to warrant incarceration, then the individual is sent to prison as a form of punishment.While incarcerated the individual may have the opportunity to receive rehabilitation. Does it mean that the individual will be rehabilitated? One can only imagine. This is a debatable issue. Is punishment or rehabilitation more effective in combating crime? These findings will be discussed in this paper in more depth. According to DeLuca, Miller, and Wiedemann (1991), â€Å"Some prison facilities use punishment as the main approach, such as Texas. Massachusetts and Connecticut stress rehabilitation, and some facilities use punishment and rehabilitation, such as Michigan.There is currently no prison facility that focuses on incarceration as a short period of punishment followed by a long period of community-based rehabilitation and strict supervision† (para. 6). Rehabilitation wants to educate individuals about the wrong choices that they have made and help encourage these individuals to make better choices in the future. Rehabilitation recognizes that offenders may be victims of social economic conditions, and wants to help offenders learn from their mistakes, with the intention of not committing crimes when they get released.According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"Meta-analysis is the study of other studies, and in this case, the studies test the effectiveness of various programs of correctional treatment. Advocates of rehabilitation believe that meta-analysis can be used to supply deposits of prior research, to reveal hidden veins of effective treatment not necessarily revealed by individual studies† (para. 2). According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"Each study is coded on a number of variables such as characteristics of the research design, characteristics of the subjects studied, and haracteristics of the treatment applied. In theory, by combining and reanalyzing studies, meta-analysis may be able to separate treatment effects from differences due to uncontrolled characteristics of the subjects, or other deficiencies of research design, even if those sources of error were not controlled adequately by any of the primary studies taken separately† (para. 3). According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"It may not be worthwhile to debate whether meta-analysis or other research has identified â€Å"what works† by way of prisoner rehabilitation.Engaging in such debate presupposes that effectiveness, or utility, is the crucial issue in discussing the value of rehabilitation in the criminal justice system generally and inside pris ons in particular. Underlying the zeal with which meta-analysts claim to have proved scientifically that â€Å"something works after all† is the implicit argument that because rehabilitation can be made more scientific it is therefore both a viable and a desirable alternative to punishment† (para. 4).According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), â€Å"The meta-analysts believe that we turned away from treatment and toward punishment because Martinson and others convinced everyone that nothing works; therefore, convincing people of the opposite should help to turn them back in the â€Å"proper† policy direction† (para. 5). According to Rhine, Smith, and Jackson (1991), [In 1974, Robert Martinson published â€Å"What Works–Questions and Answers about Prison Reform,† an article describing research on the effectiveness of correctional treatment.Martinson made several key points about a massive review of research on correctional treatment. His first point was that the research showed that there was not much good news about rehabilitative programs. Some programs worked, but they were few and far between (para. 1). The second point, which was largely ignored, was that the quality of the program implementation and research was so poor that it was hard to draw many strong conclusions. The nuances of his findings were lost, and the research was presented as showing that correctional treatment programs did not work at rehabilitating criminal offenders.The infamous sound bite that emerged from this was that â€Å"Nothing Works† when it comes to rehabilitation (para. 3). In fact, the actual results said no one approach works with everybody. Despite the fact that the sound bite was an exaggeration, the message carried great influence in legislative and public policy debates and actions. The Nothing Works message swept the political and public policy arenas and correctional programs and practice. Rehabilitation programs and services wer e greatly reduced from the correctional landscape (para. ). This belief indicated that if offenders could not be rehabilitated then they should be punished and it was time to get tough on crime. Within a relatively short time parole was attacked and the individual approach of indeterminate sentencing, or release by the authority of a parole board was abolished in 16 states (Rhine, Smith, and Jackson, 1991) and some form of determinate sentencing was adopted in all 50 states (Mackenzie, 2000)]. According to Department of Corrections, (n. d. ), [However, not all hope was lost.A small number of vocal critics of the ‘nothing works’ doctrine actively challenged the assumptions and empirical evidence presented by Martinson and colleagues. Foremost in this debate were a number of North American researchers, including Ted Palmer, Paul Gendreau, Don Andrews and Robert Ross. At the same time as Martinson was announcing that very few things had any effect on recidivism, Palmer (19 75) was reanalyzing the same data and finding that more things worked than the original analysis showed (this position was also supported by Thornton’s (1987) reanalysis of a selection of studies used by Lipton and co-workers in 1975).Similarly, Gendreau and Ross (1979) and Ross and Gendreau (1980) were reporting on research that documented positive outcomes, directly countering the argument that nothing worked. Perhaps the most damaging blow to the ‘nothing works’ position was delivered by Robert Martinson himself. In 1979 he wrote a paper which acknowledged errors in the earlier reviews and reported on a number of new studies which demonstrated that some things did work. On the basis of substantial contradictory evidence, Martinson recanted the ‘nothing works’ statements made in his 1974 article] (para. ). Incarceration is for those offenders that have broken the law and as a result they have received imprisonment. It punishes offenders for what th ey have done wrong and acknowledges the victim by giving them justice for the wrong that has been committed against them by the offender. Incarceration allows the offender to be confined and take some form of initiative to seek help and learn how to change their behavior. If an offender wants to change their life around, they can seek the necessary resources to make those changes. Offenders have to want to change their lives around.If offenders do it simply because they are made to do so then, they will eventually be back in prison. It is about changing the mindset and making a decision to turn away from wrongdoing and make the right decision to make positive choices. Punishment is more effective in combating crime. It helps offenders to understand what they have done wrong and accept accountability and responsibility for their behavior. Punishment is a constructive endeavor, not a destructive endeavor. Punishment is a positive good rather than a negative evil. It requires the right people with the right attitudes.If prison officials are hostile, cruel, and inappropriate towards inmates, it defeats the purpose. Prison officials need to be professional and firm but respectful towards inmates. If inmates are not treated fairly in prison, they will find it hard to understand that it is fair for them to be incarcerated in the first place. In order for inmates to accept their punishment they must understand that it is just, not malicious. The duties and responsibilities of prisons are to manage and handle their facilities to the best of their ability.In closing, it is not the responsibility of prisons to reform, rehabilitate, or reintegrate offenders into society. Each inmate needs to be responsible for their own wellbeing, social correction, and their future conduct. While it may not be an easy task for any inmate, they have to make the decision to change their life around. It has to be there decision; no one can do it for them. They must have the right mindset an d be willing to make changes for the better. References Bureau of Justice Assistance. (n. d. ). â€Å"Nothing Works†, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, https://www. bja. gov/Publications/APPA_PSN. df Department of Corrections. (n. d. ). Historical Background: The â€Å"What Works? † Debate, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, http://www. corrections. govt. nz/research/the-effectiveness-of-correctional-treatment/historical-background. html Federal Bureau of Prisons. (1993). Meta-Analysis Rehabilitation of Punishment, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, http://www. bop. gov/news/research_projects/published_reports/cond_envir/oreprlogangaes. pdf National Criminal Justice Reference Service. (1991). Punishment vs. Rehabilitation: A proposal for revising sentencing practices, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from,

A Whistle-Blower for All Seasons

Whistle-blowing has had a long and venerable tradition in the history of politics. From Cicero and his Catiline Orations to Cynthia Cooper at WorldCom, whistle-blowers have existed for as long as there was political intrigue and power on the line.For this essay, however, the focus will be on one particular famous historical whistle-blower; Sir Thomas More, a former chancellor to Henry VIII of England. This essay will attempt two things; to compare Sir Thomas More to recent famous whistle-blowers and to determine what makes an effective whistle-blower.By way of background, in 1534 King Henry VIII of England sought an annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, in order to marry Anne Boleyn. (Brigden) More resigned from the Chancellorship when the English Parliament enacted several acts designed to wrest authority over the English Church from Rome when the King’s annulment was refused by the Pope. (Williams) He was eventually executed for his refusal to cooperate.Sir Tho mas More, as portrayed in Robert Bolt’s play called A Man For All Seasons, is the penultimate man of conscience. In one of the more famous lines from the play, Sir Thomas answers Norfolk’s pleas for fellowship on the matter of the Act of Succession by replying, â€Å"And when we stand before God, and you are sent to Paradise for doing according to your conscience, and I am damned for not doing according to mine, will you come with me for fellowship?† (Bolt)This shows the esteem with which Sir Thomas More held the human conscience, and deemed that a man ought to live and die by the dictates of that conscience.This particular trait is something he shares with modern-day whistle-blowers like Linda Lewis of the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the US Department of Agriculture, who blew the whistle on her agency’s lack of preparedness in the event of a terrorist attack. She claimed that both More and Martin Luther were her inspirations when she made the d ecision to blow the whistle, quoting Martin Luther’s â€Å"Peace if possible, but truth at any rate†. (Andersen)Sir Thomas More also had the advantage of a strong faith, which lent him transcendent moral ideals. He was â€Å"the King’s good servant, but God’s first†, whose answer to Norfolk’s questioning of the concept of Apostolic Succession[1] was, â€Å"But what matters to me is not whether it's true or not but that I believe it to be true†. (Bolt) His faith was tied to his notions of conscience, and a violation of a transcendent moral principle was more intolerable than political and personal upheaval.   Whistle-blowing can be a very isolating act.A whistle-blower often breaches expectations of loyalty from the group he or she belongs to. (Bok) This leads to retaliation from the group the whistle-blower once expected to be safe in. However, a transcendent belief, be it in the form of ethics, religious beliefs, community allegian ces, ontological security, economic security or political ideology, helps whistle-blowers identify with a higher authority and gives them the fortitude to go through with the act and withstand the strong pressure to conform. (Jasper)More shares this trait with FBI whistle-blower Fred Whitehurst, who claimed that his religious faith sustained him in his decision to against his superiors in a matter of evidence tampering. (Andersen)[1] Apostolic Succession is the doctrine that all bishops of the Church are successors of the Apostles, with the Pope succeeding St. Peter.

8 Interview Strategies for Introverts

8 Interview Strategies for Introverts It’s hard enough to find a job that’s fit for an introvert- let alone acing an interview for one. Perhaps you’re feeling overwhelmed by all of the interview advice out there, and feeling like you won’t ever quite be able to deliver? You don’t have to be extroverted or able to do things on the fly to get the job you want. Though you might be at a slight disadvantage if your introversion makes you come across as antisocial. To put your best self forward, try a few of these tips and strategies for success- even for the shy.1. Have a plan.One of the most overwhelming parts of socializing for an introvert is usually just not having any down time between periods of having to be â€Å"on.† Make sure you build in some solo quiet time before and after the interview to make sure your batteries are charged and you’re taking care of yourself. Plan your day around it and you’ll show up fresh and at your best, rather than overwhelmed.2. Do yo ur homework.The more you know, the more you can anticipate. Where exactly is your interview going to be located? Make sure you know how long it will take to get there and plan out your optimum route. Figure out who is going to be interviewing you and read up on them. Have topics ready to go that you can anticipate coming up during the conversation. And read up as much as you can on the company itself as well as the position you’re applying for. The better prepared you are, the less likely you are to get tripped up by any questions.3. Remind yourself of your strengths.Take a few minutes to go over your own resume and cover letter. Remind yourself of your accomplishments. Make a bulleted list of things you want to make sure to emphasize- especially if you usually freeze when having to sell yourself or sing your own praises. Remember, it’s a natural and good thing to do. So prepare to do it with minimal awkwardness.4. Prepare for small talk.Yes, the dreaded small talk is upon you. There’s no way around it. Even if you think it’s pointless and excruciating. Try instead to come up with a few questions that are more tolerable to you than sports and weather and last night’s Scandal. That way you can put you and the interviewer on common ground immediately and feel more comfortable. Write out a couple of these questions and commit them to memory.5. Look good so you feel good.Have all your ducks in a row- your portfolio at the ready, an extra copy of your resume and anything else they might need, and a snazzy outfit that makes you feel most comfortable and confident (and is also appropriate for their office culture/environment). Your clothes can show off that personality it takes you a while to let loose.6. Don’t try to be anything but yourself.Don’t try to be an extrovert when you aren’t. Even if you could fake being super outgoing and bubbly during the interview, you’re going to feel really awkward when y ou show up to work and everyone expects that of you on a daily basis.Don’t be embarrassed about being introverted. Remember, 50% of the population is just like you and being on the quieter side can actually be an asset in some situations. Be yourself and you’ll find a company that’s a good fit for you. And heck, if the opportunity comes up to mention explicitly that you’re an introvert- take it! There’s zero shame and it might even help your interviewer understand where you’re coming from.7. Match your interviewer’s tone.If you get stressed out in interview situations, just use your introvert superhero skills and do what you do best: listen and observe. Then you can match the tone of your interviewer as best as possible without having to second guess what sort of tone to use yourself. This will help you be more comfortable asking your own questions and sharing your best ideas!8. Nail the beginning and the end.If you think the whole pr ocess is just going to exhaust you, concentrate your biggest charm offensive on the first five and the last five minutes. Get that first impression and then leave them with a great impression and you’ll do great.

Greek Unity Essays

Greek Unity Essays Greek Unity Essay Greek Unity Essay There is much treatment over whether it was Grecian integrity that caused the triumph against the Persians in the old ages 490BC-479BC. The three chief points of position on the affair is that they were non united at all. which can be seen from the histories of Herodotus. that they were united. which can be seen in the Themistocles Decree and that it was Themistocles himself that made them unified. It is on the research of Herodotus that we rely most to a great extent on for our information of the Persian War period. He is frequently criticised for his inaccuracy. prejudice and failure to measure events decently. Unfortunately there is no other major antediluvian beginning against which bookmans can look into his facts. Plutarch writes about him with blasphemy and slander prevarication beneath his smooth. delicate surface and we must mind of unconsciously accepting his false and absurd thoughts about the greats noblest metropoliss and work forces of Greece. He is by and large dependable when it comes to the chief events. even though he is prone to overstate the size of the Iranian ground forcess brought against Greece. He is non. nevertheless. as utile when it comes to analysis. peculiarly his opinions about causes for events or tactics in conflicts. He openly declares his esteem for Athens and his histories are mostly written from the Athenian point of position. However. it must be remembered that he received his information at a clip when Athens and Sparta were hostile to one another. after 464. This could be a conducive factor as to why he writes as if there wasn’t integrity between the Greeks. : Herodotus dismisses the thought that the Greeks were of all time unified. In his Hagiographas he gives eternal illustrations of how the Greeks fought with each other invariably. He describes graft. perfidy and blackmail amongst the Grecian cantonments. One of these descriptions is that of Ephilates who showed the Persians the secret base on balls to the Spartans in the conflict of Thermopylae. He believed that if the Greeks were really unified. it was inadvertent and neer planned. Some modern historiographers tend to hold with this sentiment. In the conflict of Marathon. a Iranian armada of 600 ships embarked on an invasion force of about 20. 000 foot and horse on Grecian dirt merely north of Athens. Their mission was to oppress the Grecian provinces in revenge for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Iranian regulation. Athens mobilized 10. 000 hoplite warriors to support their districts. The two ground forcess met on the Plain of Marathon which was ideal for Iranian horse. The Athenians asked the Spartans for assistance in the conflict but harmonizing to Herodotus. the Spartans were unable to come directly off as they had their spiritual festival on at the clip ; And the Spartans wished to assist the Athenians. but were unable to give them any present relief. as they did non like to interrupt their established jurisprudence. They did state that they would come every bit shortly as it was over every bit rapidly as they could which shows the integrity at the clip between Athens and Sparta. the two chief forces at the clip. When Athens was in demand. Sparta would come to assist. Herodotus states After the full of the Moon. two thousand Lacedaemonians came to Athens. So eager had they been to get in clip that they took but three yearss to make Attica from Sparta. But it wasn’t integrity that helped the Greeks win this conflict. they were at a little advantage as they had cognition of their land unlike the Persians who had no apprehension of the Grecian geographics as it was really different to their ain. The Greek knew the Plain of Marathon good and could utilize the rugged land and the mountains environing the field to their advantage. The Athenians kept in the high land whereas the Persians stationed themselves on the field. Another thing that helped the Greeks win was the absence of the Persian horse when the Athenians decided to assail. The horse was one of the elect units of the Iranian ground forces and. if it were present at the conflict. would most likely have caused the Persians to win. There are two theories as to why the horse weren’t at that place. The first being that the Persians had ordered the horse back onto the Iranian ships. possibly to sail around the Grecian ground forces and assail them from behind. The 2nd being that the Equus caballuss were off eating grass and the Persians couldn’t acquire them to the conflict in clip. Harmonizing to Bury. the Spartans didn’t truly desire to travel to Thermopylae which suggests that the Greeks weren’t unified. This is presuming that the end of this conflict was to win and non a keeping program. Bury states that the Spartans attempted to cover his [ Leonidas ] selfish and short-sighted policy by the supplication that they were hindered from processing Forth in full force by the jubilation of the Carnean festival proposing that the Spartans did non desire to direct a full ground forces to assist the Athenians. But harmonizing to most historiographers. the purpose at Thermopylae was to keep the Iranian ground forces back while the Greece forces ready themselves at the Isthmus. Buckley states The Iranian ground forces could non be defeated in such a place. but it’s progress could be held up indefinately. This shows that the Greeks had a program and cognize precisely what they were making. Leonidas’ determination to remain and decease with the 300 Spartans is said to hold been in the vain hope that the Persian force that had travelled down the way might itself be trapped between the 300 Spartans and the chief Greek force South of Thermopylae. This shows integrity between the Greek provinces against Persia regulation. Herodotus suggested that it was because of the prognostication that Sparta would be plundered unless a Spartan male monarch died. While the events at Thermopylae were blossoming. a limited and indecisive naval battle took topographic point at Artemisium. If either side gained an advantage in this conflict. modern historiographers would state that it was likely the Persians. Nevertheless. a storm blew up and inflicted harm on both fleets. In this case. the Persians became the also-rans. This conflict lessened the Persian fleet which subsequently proved as an advantage to the Greeks in the conflict of Salamis. During this conflict the Athenians gave up their leading place as they knew that they would hold better opportunities if person else was to take. This scheme used besides shows integrity between the Greeks. Herodotus states that The Athenians waived their claim in the involvement of national endurance. cognizing that a wrangle about the bid would surely intend the devastation of Greece. The Themistocles Decree shows a planned lineation of the Athenian emptying proposing that it was the program the whole clip and that the conflicts of Thermopylae and Artemisium were to keep the Persians back. This besides suggests integrity between the Greeks as they follow the program Troezen letterings say before Thermopylae. The decree provinces that Who live in Athens shall put [ their kids and adult females ] on Troezen – the Founder of the land. [ The aged and ( movable ) ] belongings shall ( for safety ) be deposited at Salamis. [ the Treasurers and ] the Priestesss are [ to stay ] on the Acropolis [ and guard the ownerships of the ] Gods. The remainder of Athenians in their entireness and those foreigners who have reached immature manhood shall ship [ on the readied ] two hundred stores and they shall repel the [ Barbarian for the interest of ] autonomy. If this edict was in fact sound. it shows that the Greeks were intentionally unified. Besides. the Hellenic League is recorded to hold held many conferences at Corinth to discourse their schemes against the Persians. This indicates that the Greeks were organized and prepared to work together to destruct the Persians. Themistocles is said to be one of the most superb and advanced leaders of Athens. Thucydides describes him as a adult male who showed an unmistakable natural mastermind ; in this regard he was rather exceeding. and beyond all others deserves our esteem. He believed that when the Persians came in greater force the lone manner that they would cut off their supply lines was by get the better ofing them at sea. He besides knew that Athens future ballad with the sea. Herodotus and Aeschylus present Themistocles as the superb leader who fooled the hapless Xerxes into contending in the narrow Waterss of the passs of Salamis. He seemingly sent a courier sitting as treasonist to Xerxes to state him that the Greek fleet was about to withdraw and that unless he acted. they would acquire off. Themistocles convinced the Greeks that contending in the narrows would favor the smaller and heavier Greek fleet as combat in the Isthmus would favor the greater figure of Persians. He besides convinced them that a licking for the Persians at Salamis would halt the ground forces progressing to the Isthmus. By making this. he helped the Greeks greatly and harmonizing to Thucydides. saved the Peloponnese. Some historiographers say that the controversy that took topographic point between the different Greek leaders which shows disunity was really planned. They say that the statements were staged because of Iranian undercover agents who were listening in. The undercover agents would so travel back to Xerxes and state him that the Greeks had no opportunity of winning against the Persians as all they did was fight with each other. Hammond provinces that the conflict of Plataea was the finest accomplishments of Grecian integrity. Approximately 23 provinces had taken an curse of chumminess to contend together until the Iranian encroachers were destroyed. and for around three hebdomads over 100. 000 Greeks had faced utmost troubles. They had resisted the onslaughts of the Persians and their Alliess. There were menaces to integrity during those hebdomads. but it was a national confederation. nevertheless short lived. The Serpentine Column. now located in Turkey. is archeological grounds that suggests that the Greeks were unified. The column shows all the Grecian cit-states that were in the Hellenic conference and helped contend against the Persians. The list goes from most of import to least of import. Although it is difficult to state whether the Greeks were unified or non. it is clear that when the crunch clip came. they all pulled together and succeeded in get the better ofing the Persians. As Thucydides says. It was by common attempt that the foreign was repelled.